Imperialism
World Categories
Tropical Dependencies
For example?
White Dominions
For example?
Contested Settler Colonies
For example?
India
Using sepoys, the British gained power and land in India (18th century)
Defeating the French furthered British hold (Bengal 1757)
By the 19th century, India was Britain’s major colonial possession
Appointed statesmen were placed in charge
In 1857 part of the Indian army rebelled against the British
Africa and Asia
Polynesia
-Devastated population, culture, social structure, religion
-Had to eventually use the Europeans own systems (legal, political, educational) to prevent extinction
What happened to the native Americans, Aboriginals, Africans and Islanders?
Haiti
Mexico
Chile
Brazil
Argentina
Uncle Sam
What inspired an end?
American Revolution – model for colonial rebellion
French Revolution – revolutionary ideology
Slave rebellion – 1791 Haiti
France invaded Spain and Portugal
Results
Panama Canal
Tuesday, February 21, 2012
Monday, February 13, 2012
PP Notes Imperialism
Imperialism
World Categories
Tropical Dependencies
For example?
White Dominions
For example?
Contested Settler Colonies
For example?
India
Using sepoys, the British gained power and land in India (18th century)
Defeating the French furthered British hold (Bengal 1757)
By the 19th century, India was Britain’s major colonial possession
Appointed statesmen were placed in charge
In 1857 part of the Indian army rebelled against the British
Africa and Asia
Polynesia
-Devastated population, culture, social structure, religion
-Had to eventually use the Europeans own systems (legal, political, educational) to prevent extinction
What happened to the native Americans, Aboriginals, Africans and Islanders?
Haiti
Mexico
Chile
Brazil
Argentina
Uncle Sam
What inspired an end?
American Revolution – model for colonial rebellion
French Revolution – revolutionary ideology
Slave rebellion – 1791 Haiti
France invaded Spain and Portugal
Results
World Categories
Tropical Dependencies
For example?
White Dominions
For example?
Contested Settler Colonies
For example?
India
Using sepoys, the British gained power and land in India (18th century)
Defeating the French furthered British hold (Bengal 1757)
By the 19th century, India was Britain’s major colonial possession
Appointed statesmen were placed in charge
In 1857 part of the Indian army rebelled against the British
Africa and Asia
Polynesia
-Devastated population, culture, social structure, religion
-Had to eventually use the Europeans own systems (legal, political, educational) to prevent extinction
What happened to the native Americans, Aboriginals, Africans and Islanders?
Haiti
Mexico
Chile
Brazil
Argentina
Uncle Sam
What inspired an end?
American Revolution – model for colonial rebellion
French Revolution – revolutionary ideology
Slave rebellion – 1791 Haiti
France invaded Spain and Portugal
Results
PP Notes Islamic Empires
Ottoman Empire
Begun by Osman Bey in 1289
Osman and his followers above all sought to become ghazi
“the instrument of the religion of Allah, a servant of God who purifies the earth from the filth of polytheism; the Ghazi is the sword of God, he is the protector and the refuge of the believers. If he becomes a martyr in the ways of God, do not believe that he has died– he lives in beatitude with Allah, he has eternal life”
Ahmadi
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman’s location on the borders of the Byzantine Empire gave them ample opportunity for holy war
Mehmed II
Ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1451 to 1481
In 1453, he toppled the Byzantine Empire, capturing Constantinople, renaming it Istanbul, and making it the new Ottoman capital
Expanded the empire to become the ruler of “two lands” (Europe and Asia) and “two seas” (the Mediterranean and the Black)
Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II
Suleyman the Magnificent
Reigned from 1520 to 1566 and continued the expansion
Conquered Baghdad in 1534
Like the other Ottomans, Suleyman was a Sunni
Turkey
Turkey is about 97% Moslem and about 80% of these Moslems are Sunni
Iraq
Under Saddam Hussein, Iraq was 60-65% Shia and 32-37% Sunni but Sunnis dominated the government and economy
Safavid Empire
Founded by Shah Ismail in 1501 and lasted until 1722
Shah Ismail reigned to 1524 and proclaimed his realm’s official religion would be Shiism
Would impose Shiism by force if necessary over the formerly Sunni population
Seized control of the Iranian plateau and centered his empire around the capital of Istahan
Iran
Differences Between Shia and Sunni
Shiites
About 15% of all Muslims
Islam’s leader should be a descendant of Mohammad
Qualified religious leaders have the authority to interpret the sharia (Islamic law)
Sunnis
About 85% of all Muslims
Leaders should be chosen through ijma, or consensus
The sharia was codified and closed by the 10th century
Selim the Grim
The Sunni Ottomans under Selim the Grim (reigned 1512-1520) detested the Shiite Safavids and launched a full-scale invasion of Safavid territory
Battle of Chaldiran
The critical battle in this campaign was the battle of Chaldiran in 1514
The Ottomans won and temporarily occupied the Safavid capital of Tabriz but could not completely destroy the Safavid state
The Ottomans and Safavids continued to fight intermittingly for the next two centuries
Modern Iran
The US helped bring Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi to power in 1953
Iran’s Shia Moslems despised the Shah’s secular rule and western influence
In 1979 revolutionaries led by Ayatollah Khomeini seized power
Shia militants captured 69 US hostages at the US Embassy in Tehran, 55 of which remained captive until 1981
Alternatives in Iran
Revolution
US Hostages in Iran, 1980
Failed Rescue Attempt
Iraq
Saddam Hussein became president of Iraq in 1979
Sunnis held power
Iraq saw the revolution in Iran as an opportunity to invade
The Iran-Iraq War lasted from 1980 to 1988 and killed as many as one million soldiers
Iran-Iraq War
Saddam used poisonous gas against Iraqi Kurds who he considered sympathetic toward Iran
Back to the Ottomans….
By the late 17th Century the Ottoman expansion had reached its limits
The Ottomans had neglected military training and technological advances and fell behind the European armies in strategy, tactics, weapons, and training
They suffered a series of military defeats
Ottoman Decline
The loss of military power translated to declining effectiveness of the central government
By the early 19th Century, semi-independent governors and local notables became increasingly autonomous
Ottoman Decline
The Ottoman government maintained its authority in Anatolia and Iraq, but it lost territory elsewhere
Russia gained territory in the Caucasus and central Asia
Austria gained territory on the western frontier
After an unsuccessful invasion by the French, Egypt became an essentially autonomous region within the Ottoman Empire under the rule of Muhammad Ali
Ottoman Decline
In addition to military and territorial losses, the Ottomans suffered economically as merchants began to circumvent Ottoman intermediaries and trade directly with their counterparts in India and China
The Ottoman Empire had little to export and became heavily dependent on foreign loans
“Capitulation”– agreements exempting European visitors from Ottoman law and providing European powers the right to exercise jurisdiction over their own citizens in Ottoman territory– threatened Ottoman sovereignty
“The Sick Man of Europe”
“We have on our hands a sick man, a very sick man.”
Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, 1853
Mahmud II
Reigned from 1808 to 1839 and launched a reform program designed to restore the traditional Ottoman military
The elite and powerful Janissaries opposed the reforms, but Mahmud massacred them
He remodeled his institutions, especially his military, along European lines
European-style uniforms
European tactics and weaponry
European education
Other Reforms of Mahmud
Created a system of secondary education for boys to facilitate the transition from mosque schools to newly established scientific, technical, and military academies
Established European style ministries, built new roads and telegraph lines, and started a postal service
Transferred authority to the sultan from traditional elites by
Taxing rural landlords
Abolishing the system of military land grants
Undermining the ulama (the Islamic leadership)
Ottoman Empire under Mahmud II
The empire was smaller, but it was more consolidated and powerful than it had been since the early 17th Century
Tanzimat
The tempo of reform increased after Mahmud during the Tanzimat (“reorganization”) era from 1839-1876
Reformers drew inspiration from the Enlightenment thought and the constitutional foundations of western European states
Principal target was the army, but other reforms involved law and education
Tanzimat
The legal reforms were designed to make Ottoman law acceptable to Europeans so the Ottomans could have the capitulations lifted and recover sovereignty
Safeguarded the rights of subjects through guaranteed public trials, rights of privacy, and equality before the law
Educational reforms resulted in a complete system of primary, secondary, and university education under the supervision of the state ministry of education
Legal and educational reforms both undermined the ulama and there was opposition from religious conservatives and others
Abd al-Hamid II
An opposition group of radical dissidents from the Ottoman bureaucracy staged a coup in 1876 and installed Abd al-Hamid II as sultan
Abd al-Hamid imposed a despotic regime and generated much opposition
Young Turks
The Ottoman Society for Union and Progress (better known as the Young Turks) was founded in 1889 by exiled Ottomans
In 1908 they inspired an army coup and in 1909 they dethroned Abd al-Hamid and established a puppet sultan
Ottoman sultans would now reign but not rule
Agenda of the Young Turks
Universal suffrage
Equality before the law
Freedom of religion
Free public education
Secularization of the state
Emancipation of women
Still the Sick Man
The Young Turks sought to maintain Turkish hegemony within the larger Ottoman Empire which caused opposition from subject peoples outside the Anatolian heartland such as in Syria and Iraq
The Ottoman Empire was crumbling and survived principally because the European powers could not decide how to dispose of it without upsetting the European balance of power
World War I
In 1914, the Ottomans became aligned with the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary)
Successfully fended off the Allied landing at Gallipoli in 1915 and Mesopotamia in 1916, but then began retreating on all fronts
Mustafa Kemal emerged as a great war hero
World War I
Arabs, assisted by the British and T. E. Lawrence (“Lawrence of Arabia”), revolted against Turkish rule in Syria, Palestine, and Arabia
The Central Powers sued for peace in November 1918
Treaty of Sevres (1920) and Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
The Treaty of Sevres effectively dissolved the Ottoman Empire, calling for the surrender of Ottoman Balkan and Arab provinces and the occupation of eastern and southern Anatolia by foreign powers
Turks led by wartime hero Mustafa Kemal successfully resisted the occupation
The Republic of Turkey was officially recognized by the Treaty of Lausanne
Mustafa Kemal
Mustafa Kemal served as president of Turkey for 15 years until his death in 1938
Known as Ataturk or “Father Turk”
“Westernized” Turkey
Turkey under Ataturk
New ideology of Kemalism stressed
the republican form of government representing the power of the electorate,
secular administration,
nationalism,
mixed economy with state participation in many of the vital sectors,
the process of parliamentary and participatory democracy,
modernization.
Legacy of Ataturk
Turkey became the first Moslem nation to become a republic
Left Turkey with a divided identity — Europeanized but not quite European, alienated from the Islamic world but still a Muslim country
The Turkish military still sees itself as the guardian of Turkish independence, nationalism, and secularism
Turkey at the Crossroads
Next
Building of American States
Begun by Osman Bey in 1289
Osman and his followers above all sought to become ghazi
“the instrument of the religion of Allah, a servant of God who purifies the earth from the filth of polytheism; the Ghazi is the sword of God, he is the protector and the refuge of the believers. If he becomes a martyr in the ways of God, do not believe that he has died– he lives in beatitude with Allah, he has eternal life”
Ahmadi
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman’s location on the borders of the Byzantine Empire gave them ample opportunity for holy war
Mehmed II
Ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1451 to 1481
In 1453, he toppled the Byzantine Empire, capturing Constantinople, renaming it Istanbul, and making it the new Ottoman capital
Expanded the empire to become the ruler of “two lands” (Europe and Asia) and “two seas” (the Mediterranean and the Black)
Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II
Suleyman the Magnificent
Reigned from 1520 to 1566 and continued the expansion
Conquered Baghdad in 1534
Like the other Ottomans, Suleyman was a Sunni
Turkey
Turkey is about 97% Moslem and about 80% of these Moslems are Sunni
Iraq
Under Saddam Hussein, Iraq was 60-65% Shia and 32-37% Sunni but Sunnis dominated the government and economy
Safavid Empire
Founded by Shah Ismail in 1501 and lasted until 1722
Shah Ismail reigned to 1524 and proclaimed his realm’s official religion would be Shiism
Would impose Shiism by force if necessary over the formerly Sunni population
Seized control of the Iranian plateau and centered his empire around the capital of Istahan
Iran
Differences Between Shia and Sunni
Shiites
About 15% of all Muslims
Islam’s leader should be a descendant of Mohammad
Qualified religious leaders have the authority to interpret the sharia (Islamic law)
Sunnis
About 85% of all Muslims
Leaders should be chosen through ijma, or consensus
The sharia was codified and closed by the 10th century
Selim the Grim
The Sunni Ottomans under Selim the Grim (reigned 1512-1520) detested the Shiite Safavids and launched a full-scale invasion of Safavid territory
Battle of Chaldiran
The critical battle in this campaign was the battle of Chaldiran in 1514
The Ottomans won and temporarily occupied the Safavid capital of Tabriz but could not completely destroy the Safavid state
The Ottomans and Safavids continued to fight intermittingly for the next two centuries
Modern Iran
The US helped bring Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi to power in 1953
Iran’s Shia Moslems despised the Shah’s secular rule and western influence
In 1979 revolutionaries led by Ayatollah Khomeini seized power
Shia militants captured 69 US hostages at the US Embassy in Tehran, 55 of which remained captive until 1981
Alternatives in Iran
Revolution
US Hostages in Iran, 1980
Failed Rescue Attempt
Iraq
Saddam Hussein became president of Iraq in 1979
Sunnis held power
Iraq saw the revolution in Iran as an opportunity to invade
The Iran-Iraq War lasted from 1980 to 1988 and killed as many as one million soldiers
Iran-Iraq War
Saddam used poisonous gas against Iraqi Kurds who he considered sympathetic toward Iran
Back to the Ottomans….
By the late 17th Century the Ottoman expansion had reached its limits
The Ottomans had neglected military training and technological advances and fell behind the European armies in strategy, tactics, weapons, and training
They suffered a series of military defeats
Ottoman Decline
The loss of military power translated to declining effectiveness of the central government
By the early 19th Century, semi-independent governors and local notables became increasingly autonomous
Ottoman Decline
The Ottoman government maintained its authority in Anatolia and Iraq, but it lost territory elsewhere
Russia gained territory in the Caucasus and central Asia
Austria gained territory on the western frontier
After an unsuccessful invasion by the French, Egypt became an essentially autonomous region within the Ottoman Empire under the rule of Muhammad Ali
Ottoman Decline
In addition to military and territorial losses, the Ottomans suffered economically as merchants began to circumvent Ottoman intermediaries and trade directly with their counterparts in India and China
The Ottoman Empire had little to export and became heavily dependent on foreign loans
“Capitulation”– agreements exempting European visitors from Ottoman law and providing European powers the right to exercise jurisdiction over their own citizens in Ottoman territory– threatened Ottoman sovereignty
“The Sick Man of Europe”
“We have on our hands a sick man, a very sick man.”
Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, 1853
Mahmud II
Reigned from 1808 to 1839 and launched a reform program designed to restore the traditional Ottoman military
The elite and powerful Janissaries opposed the reforms, but Mahmud massacred them
He remodeled his institutions, especially his military, along European lines
European-style uniforms
European tactics and weaponry
European education
Other Reforms of Mahmud
Created a system of secondary education for boys to facilitate the transition from mosque schools to newly established scientific, technical, and military academies
Established European style ministries, built new roads and telegraph lines, and started a postal service
Transferred authority to the sultan from traditional elites by
Taxing rural landlords
Abolishing the system of military land grants
Undermining the ulama (the Islamic leadership)
Ottoman Empire under Mahmud II
The empire was smaller, but it was more consolidated and powerful than it had been since the early 17th Century
Tanzimat
The tempo of reform increased after Mahmud during the Tanzimat (“reorganization”) era from 1839-1876
Reformers drew inspiration from the Enlightenment thought and the constitutional foundations of western European states
Principal target was the army, but other reforms involved law and education
Tanzimat
The legal reforms were designed to make Ottoman law acceptable to Europeans so the Ottomans could have the capitulations lifted and recover sovereignty
Safeguarded the rights of subjects through guaranteed public trials, rights of privacy, and equality before the law
Educational reforms resulted in a complete system of primary, secondary, and university education under the supervision of the state ministry of education
Legal and educational reforms both undermined the ulama and there was opposition from religious conservatives and others
Abd al-Hamid II
An opposition group of radical dissidents from the Ottoman bureaucracy staged a coup in 1876 and installed Abd al-Hamid II as sultan
Abd al-Hamid imposed a despotic regime and generated much opposition
Young Turks
The Ottoman Society for Union and Progress (better known as the Young Turks) was founded in 1889 by exiled Ottomans
In 1908 they inspired an army coup and in 1909 they dethroned Abd al-Hamid and established a puppet sultan
Ottoman sultans would now reign but not rule
Agenda of the Young Turks
Universal suffrage
Equality before the law
Freedom of religion
Free public education
Secularization of the state
Emancipation of women
Still the Sick Man
The Young Turks sought to maintain Turkish hegemony within the larger Ottoman Empire which caused opposition from subject peoples outside the Anatolian heartland such as in Syria and Iraq
The Ottoman Empire was crumbling and survived principally because the European powers could not decide how to dispose of it without upsetting the European balance of power
World War I
In 1914, the Ottomans became aligned with the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary)
Successfully fended off the Allied landing at Gallipoli in 1915 and Mesopotamia in 1916, but then began retreating on all fronts
Mustafa Kemal emerged as a great war hero
World War I
Arabs, assisted by the British and T. E. Lawrence (“Lawrence of Arabia”), revolted against Turkish rule in Syria, Palestine, and Arabia
The Central Powers sued for peace in November 1918
Treaty of Sevres (1920) and Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
The Treaty of Sevres effectively dissolved the Ottoman Empire, calling for the surrender of Ottoman Balkan and Arab provinces and the occupation of eastern and southern Anatolia by foreign powers
Turks led by wartime hero Mustafa Kemal successfully resisted the occupation
The Republic of Turkey was officially recognized by the Treaty of Lausanne
Mustafa Kemal
Mustafa Kemal served as president of Turkey for 15 years until his death in 1938
Known as Ataturk or “Father Turk”
“Westernized” Turkey
Turkey under Ataturk
New ideology of Kemalism stressed
the republican form of government representing the power of the electorate,
secular administration,
nationalism,
mixed economy with state participation in many of the vital sectors,
the process of parliamentary and participatory democracy,
modernization.
Legacy of Ataturk
Turkey became the first Moslem nation to become a republic
Left Turkey with a divided identity — Europeanized but not quite European, alienated from the Islamic world but still a Muslim country
The Turkish military still sees itself as the guardian of Turkish independence, nationalism, and secularism
Turkey at the Crossroads
Next
Building of American States
PP Notes Industrial Rev
The Industrial Revolution
1848
Britain to Western Europe to the United States
Change social structure and cultural values forever
Changed working environments and revenue potential
Social Changes
People left the country, for city life
Child labor decreased, children became valued
More adults used to run factories
Women
Cultural Shifts
Consumption and consumerism
“Middle class” values
Beginnings of product crazes (Popular culture)
Consolidation of the Industrial Order
Continued after 1850
Unification in Germany and Italy
Rise of socialism
Standard of living improved
Slow population growth
Rise of capitalism and industry (U.S.)
Railroads
Western World
Economic dependency, political support, colonization
Broadening reach:
Social/cultural values
Institutions
Arts/science/philosophies
Rising tensions in Europe
Loss of colonies
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Triple Entente: Britain, Russia, France
1848
Britain to Western Europe to the United States
Change social structure and cultural values forever
Changed working environments and revenue potential
Social Changes
People left the country, for city life
Child labor decreased, children became valued
More adults used to run factories
Women
Cultural Shifts
Consumption and consumerism
“Middle class” values
Beginnings of product crazes (Popular culture)
Consolidation of the Industrial Order
Continued after 1850
Unification in Germany and Italy
Rise of socialism
Standard of living improved
Slow population growth
Rise of capitalism and industry (U.S.)
Railroads
Western World
Economic dependency, political support, colonization
Broadening reach:
Social/cultural values
Institutions
Arts/science/philosophies
Rising tensions in Europe
Loss of colonies
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Triple Entente: Britain, Russia, France
PP Notes Middle Class
The Middle Class
More Money More Time
Social Changes
Development of white collar jobs
Aptitude opens doors vs. education
Start of unions
Loss of agricultural careers
Division between men and women widen
More leisure time
Women
Cultural Shifts
Consumption and consumerism
“Middle class” values
Beginnings of product crazes (Popular culture)
Leisure
Baseball
Football
Basketball
Theater
Libraries
Churches
Community Centers
Travel
Western World
Economic dependency, political support, colonization
Broadening reach:
Social/cultural values
Institutions
Arts/science/philosophies
Rising tensions in Europe
Loss of colonies
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Triple Entente: Britain, Russia, France
More Money More Time
Social Changes
Development of white collar jobs
Aptitude opens doors vs. education
Start of unions
Loss of agricultural careers
Division between men and women widen
More leisure time
Women
Cultural Shifts
Consumption and consumerism
“Middle class” values
Beginnings of product crazes (Popular culture)
Leisure
Baseball
Football
Basketball
Theater
Libraries
Churches
Community Centers
Travel
Western World
Economic dependency, political support, colonization
Broadening reach:
Social/cultural values
Institutions
Arts/science/philosophies
Rising tensions in Europe
Loss of colonies
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Triple Entente: Britain, Russia, France
PP Notes Capitalism
Robber Barons
“…the three foremost exponents of business enterprise: Morgan, Carnegie and Rockefeller. The first because he had created a virtual monopoly in banking, a “money Trust”; the second because of his death-grip on the key industry of the country; the third, Rockefeller, because of his amassing of industrial profit continued at such a high rate that an immense reservoir of cash was accumulated, which sought outlet through investment-banking operations of a size exceeding even those of Pierpont Morgan.” -Josephson p 388
Cornelius Vanderbilt
1794-1877
Born to poor Dutch peasants in Staten Island
Left school at 11 to help his father
Self educated
At 16, borrowed $100 from his parents, bought a small boat and started a ferry service to NYC
1818 sold his ships and became a steam ferry captain, eventually managing the fleet
1829 established a line of steamboats
1846 moved to NYC
During the CA gold rush, devised a plan to sail people to Nicaragua, where he then built a RR that could take them up the coast to CA
The “Commodore” was involved in nautical interests (shipping, etc.), and then RRs
1857 invested in NY & Harlem RR
1875 owned most of the RR systems in coming into NY and in the Midwest/East coast area
Considered one of the greatest Railroad Barons
Never too concerned with philanthropy, but gave $1 million to Central Univ. in Nashville, which thus became Vanderbilt Univ.
When he died he was the richest man in NYC and left his fortune to William, one of his thirteen children
Andrew Carnegie
1835-1919
Born in Dunfermline, Scotland and emigrated in 1848
At 14, worked as a bobbin boy in a textile factory, loved “progress”
Optimistic, by 17 he was a telegrapher ($800 a year)
Always looking for a way to get ahead, never let opportunity pass him by – even if meant breaking some rules
The Gospel of Wealth: the rich should help enrich society, not ‘waste’ it on those who don’t have wealth (social Darwinist)
Made his largest fortunes in steel, mass producing for rail lines
Also owned other businesses (Pittsburgh Locomotive, Car Works)
1901 sold his steel holdings to JP Morgan for $250 million (negotiated in secret by Charles Schwab)
By the time he died, he’d given away $350,695,653 and the last $30,000,000 at his death was also given to various interests
“Rags to Riches”
J.P. Morgan
1837-1913
Educated in Boston and Germany, later did banking for his father and then became a partner in Drexel, Morgan and Co.
Collected antiquity art, books and was a philanthropist
Very secretive, avoided too many public appearances, was embarrassed by a deformed nose
Head of JP Morgan (1895) and member of Cromwell’s banking house
Arranged merger of two major electric companies, creating General Electric
Cromwell helped Morgan create the largest company in the world: United Steel
Owned over 5000 miles of American Railroads
In this he also became in Panama and funded the purchase of the French Canal Company
Also lent the money for Panama’s independence, and later administered the country’s treasury
Had incredible financial prowess with connections in the U.S. and Europe
1904 Northern Securities Corp. dissolved by Supreme Court (violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act)
Sat on numerous boards and influenced most of the nations’ major corporations; influenced politics, regulatory and financial laws, industry, etc.
Upon his death his art collection (very extensive) was donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in NY
John D. Rockefeller
1839-1937
By 16 he worked as book keeper
1859 partner in a small produce business
Within 4 years, he entered the oil refinery business
1870 organized Standard Oil
Came to dominate the oil refinery business (mergers, eliminating competition, gaining large capital, agreements with competitors, crushing small businessmen)
1882 all of his diversified holdings were placed together under the Standard Oil Trust
Also an accomplished financer
Also an accomplished financer
One of the directors of the 1901 U.S. Steel Corp.
Had massive holdings in petroleum
Several times the government forced Rockefeller to dissolve his interests
Also avoided public attention
Deep religious faith
Donated to the Baptist Church, YMCA, etc.
1892 founded the University of Chicago
Would start numerous foundations for public health, medical research, child welfare, etc.
“…the three foremost exponents of business enterprise: Morgan, Carnegie and Rockefeller. The first because he had created a virtual monopoly in banking, a “money Trust”; the second because of his death-grip on the key industry of the country; the third, Rockefeller, because of his amassing of industrial profit continued at such a high rate that an immense reservoir of cash was accumulated, which sought outlet through investment-banking operations of a size exceeding even those of Pierpont Morgan.” -Josephson p 388
Cornelius Vanderbilt
1794-1877
Born to poor Dutch peasants in Staten Island
Left school at 11 to help his father
Self educated
At 16, borrowed $100 from his parents, bought a small boat and started a ferry service to NYC
1818 sold his ships and became a steam ferry captain, eventually managing the fleet
1829 established a line of steamboats
1846 moved to NYC
During the CA gold rush, devised a plan to sail people to Nicaragua, where he then built a RR that could take them up the coast to CA
The “Commodore” was involved in nautical interests (shipping, etc.), and then RRs
1857 invested in NY & Harlem RR
1875 owned most of the RR systems in coming into NY and in the Midwest/East coast area
Considered one of the greatest Railroad Barons
Never too concerned with philanthropy, but gave $1 million to Central Univ. in Nashville, which thus became Vanderbilt Univ.
When he died he was the richest man in NYC and left his fortune to William, one of his thirteen children
Andrew Carnegie
1835-1919
Born in Dunfermline, Scotland and emigrated in 1848
At 14, worked as a bobbin boy in a textile factory, loved “progress”
Optimistic, by 17 he was a telegrapher ($800 a year)
Always looking for a way to get ahead, never let opportunity pass him by – even if meant breaking some rules
The Gospel of Wealth: the rich should help enrich society, not ‘waste’ it on those who don’t have wealth (social Darwinist)
Made his largest fortunes in steel, mass producing for rail lines
Also owned other businesses (Pittsburgh Locomotive, Car Works)
1901 sold his steel holdings to JP Morgan for $250 million (negotiated in secret by Charles Schwab)
By the time he died, he’d given away $350,695,653 and the last $30,000,000 at his death was also given to various interests
“Rags to Riches”
J.P. Morgan
1837-1913
Educated in Boston and Germany, later did banking for his father and then became a partner in Drexel, Morgan and Co.
Collected antiquity art, books and was a philanthropist
Very secretive, avoided too many public appearances, was embarrassed by a deformed nose
Head of JP Morgan (1895) and member of Cromwell’s banking house
Arranged merger of two major electric companies, creating General Electric
Cromwell helped Morgan create the largest company in the world: United Steel
Owned over 5000 miles of American Railroads
In this he also became in Panama and funded the purchase of the French Canal Company
Also lent the money for Panama’s independence, and later administered the country’s treasury
Had incredible financial prowess with connections in the U.S. and Europe
1904 Northern Securities Corp. dissolved by Supreme Court (violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act)
Sat on numerous boards and influenced most of the nations’ major corporations; influenced politics, regulatory and financial laws, industry, etc.
Upon his death his art collection (very extensive) was donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in NY
John D. Rockefeller
1839-1937
By 16 he worked as book keeper
1859 partner in a small produce business
Within 4 years, he entered the oil refinery business
1870 organized Standard Oil
Came to dominate the oil refinery business (mergers, eliminating competition, gaining large capital, agreements with competitors, crushing small businessmen)
1882 all of his diversified holdings were placed together under the Standard Oil Trust
Also an accomplished financer
Also an accomplished financer
One of the directors of the 1901 U.S. Steel Corp.
Had massive holdings in petroleum
Several times the government forced Rockefeller to dissolve his interests
Also avoided public attention
Deep religious faith
Donated to the Baptist Church, YMCA, etc.
1892 founded the University of Chicago
Would start numerous foundations for public health, medical research, child welfare, etc.
PP Notes Panama Canal
The Panama Canal
1914 The first ship to pass through the canal (SS Ancon)
In 1869, Suez Canal was completed: this is where the idea for the Panama Canal began
1881 Ferdinand de Lesseps starts work on the Canal
1884 French have over 19,000 working on the Canal project
1881-1889 Disease runs rampant: Malaria, Yellow Fever and Typhoid (death toll: 22,000)
1889 de Lesseps’ can no longer manage the financial aspects of the project and he declares bankrupcy
1894 New French Company attempts to restart the venture, but is unsuccessful (retain ownership)
1898 Americans send battleship Oregon around South America to aid attack against Cuba in Spanish American War (thus an understanding of the importance of a canal project)
1902 Roosevelt Administration decides to make a trans-oceanic canal a national priority
1903 “Panamanians” (very minor group, encouraged by International Interests) revolt from Columbia and declare independence; US maintains rights to Canal
1904 John F. Wallace named first American Chief Engineer
1905 John F. Stevens succeeds Wallace and introduces plans for a LOCK system with Gatun Lake included in pathway
1906 Army Engineer COL George W. Goethals succeeds Stevens and essentially completes his plan, overcoming enormous health and landslide problems
August 1914 the first vessel transits the new Panama Canal, just as World War I erupts
Life for Workers
Streets and areas were without sewage and water. This is an example of a street before American occupation and then after.
Workers were shipped in from all over the world. Housing and food was provided with wages (but weren’t very high)
Quarantine for a Yellow Fever victim
Fighting Mosquitoes (Disease)
The canal could not be completed until sanitation problems were solved (Dr. William Gorgas took upon himself the cause of discovering and then fighting the transfer of disease.)
The Big Cut at Culebra
One of the largest and most difficult incisions was along the Continental Divide near Culebra, where they had to cut through volcanic rock
Culebra Cut had numerous landslides, requiring more than 5 times the original excavation.
Engineering challenges and solutions that had never been done before in every aspect of the Canal’s development
The impossible was tried: mechanically, financially, medically, and geographically
To handle the millions of tons of stone, sand, and cement required for building the locks, ingenious machinery has been installed which automatically selects the right proportions of stone, sand, and cement and mixes the material. The piles in the foreground in the above picture are sand; the darker piles on the further side of the railway track are stone. Grab-buckets shoot down from the arms of the crane, bite into the piles, shoot back to the crane, and feed their loads into the mixer, where cement has been already delivered in bags or barrels.)
1914 The first ship to pass through the canal (SS Ancon)
In 1869, Suez Canal was completed: this is where the idea for the Panama Canal began
1881 Ferdinand de Lesseps starts work on the Canal
1884 French have over 19,000 working on the Canal project
1881-1889 Disease runs rampant: Malaria, Yellow Fever and Typhoid (death toll: 22,000)
1889 de Lesseps’ can no longer manage the financial aspects of the project and he declares bankrupcy
1894 New French Company attempts to restart the venture, but is unsuccessful (retain ownership)
1898 Americans send battleship Oregon around South America to aid attack against Cuba in Spanish American War (thus an understanding of the importance of a canal project)
1902 Roosevelt Administration decides to make a trans-oceanic canal a national priority
1903 “Panamanians” (very minor group, encouraged by International Interests) revolt from Columbia and declare independence; US maintains rights to Canal
1904 John F. Wallace named first American Chief Engineer
1905 John F. Stevens succeeds Wallace and introduces plans for a LOCK system with Gatun Lake included in pathway
1906 Army Engineer COL George W. Goethals succeeds Stevens and essentially completes his plan, overcoming enormous health and landslide problems
August 1914 the first vessel transits the new Panama Canal, just as World War I erupts
Life for Workers
Streets and areas were without sewage and water. This is an example of a street before American occupation and then after.
Workers were shipped in from all over the world. Housing and food was provided with wages (but weren’t very high)
Quarantine for a Yellow Fever victim
Fighting Mosquitoes (Disease)
The canal could not be completed until sanitation problems were solved (Dr. William Gorgas took upon himself the cause of discovering and then fighting the transfer of disease.)
The Big Cut at Culebra
One of the largest and most difficult incisions was along the Continental Divide near Culebra, where they had to cut through volcanic rock
Culebra Cut had numerous landslides, requiring more than 5 times the original excavation.
Engineering challenges and solutions that had never been done before in every aspect of the Canal’s development
The impossible was tried: mechanically, financially, medically, and geographically
To handle the millions of tons of stone, sand, and cement required for building the locks, ingenious machinery has been installed which automatically selects the right proportions of stone, sand, and cement and mixes the material. The piles in the foreground in the above picture are sand; the darker piles on the further side of the railway track are stone. Grab-buckets shoot down from the arms of the crane, bite into the piles, shoot back to the crane, and feed their loads into the mixer, where cement has been already delivered in bags or barrels.)
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