Stalin and the Starving of the Ukraine

http://youtu.be/3cSsB_jvk6U

Documentary Trailer (Must Comment)

MIDTERM 4 DEBATE and PAPER

5 page Paper, Times New Roman 12 pt Font, double spaced, 1 inch margins
8 resources (5 NON-internet) in a Works Cited MLA format

Debate:
Opening: 2 minutes
5 Arguments/5 Rebuttals: 1 minute each
Closing: 2 minutes

DUE WEDNESDAY WEEK 12
(In this paper, introduce your topic and argue your assigned position.)

Extra Credit Paper (Due Week 4)

Extra Credit (Up to 30 points) Due Week 4, Thursday:
2.5 - 3 page Paper

Select a position that is nominated or appointed by the Office of President (i.e. Secretary of State, Supreme Court Justice, Navy General, etc.)
One Page: In your own words: What is the position? What is the job description?
One Page: In your own words: Who currently holds this position? What are the political and profesional experience of the person CURRENTLY serving in this position?
Half a Page: Are they doing a good job? Why or why not?

You may NOT select the Office of the President
Times New Roman 12pt font, double spaced, one inch margins

Vocabulary (This is only a short list - NOT comprehensive)

Enlightenment
Locke, Rousseau, Descartes
Social Contract
Liberty
Natural Rights
Scientific Revolution
Newton,Copernicus, Kepler
/>Humanism
Protestantism
Louis XVI
Catherine the Great
Potempkin
Romanav
Cossacks
Czar
Ottomans
Safavids
Mughals
Janissaries
Vizier
>BaburAmerican Revolution
King George
Colonies/States
Balance of Power
Bicameral system
Three branches of government
Constitution
Declaration of Independence
French Revolution
First, Second and Third Estate
Robespierre, Dante
Bastille
Tennis Court Oath
Voltaire
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Estates General
Jacobins
Reign of Terror
Divine Right Rule
Depositism
Monarchy
Oligarchy
Feudalism
Feminism
Mary Wollstonecraft
Olympe de Gouges
Nuclear Family

Nuremberg Trials

Held for the purpose of bringing Nazi war criminals to justice, the Nuremberg trials were a series of 13 trials carried out in Nuremberg, Germany, between 1945 and 1949. The defendants, who included Nazi Party officials and high-ranking military officers along with German industrialists, lawyers and doctors, were indicted on such charges as crimes against peace and crimes against humanity. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) committed suicide and was never brought to trial. Although the legal justifications for the trials and their procedural innovations were controversial at the time, the Nuremberg trials are now regarded as a milestone toward the establishment of a permanent international court, and an important precedent for dealing with later instances of genocide and other crimes against humanity.

http://www.history.com/topics/nuremberg-trials

Nuremberg Trials Key Moments

PP Notes WWII and the Holocaust

Path to War

Hitler became Chancellor Jan 1930
Germany withdraws from League of Nations Oct 1933
Hitler announces German air force Mar 1935
Mussolini Invades Ethiopia Oct 1935

Hitler occupies Rhineland March 1936
Japan invades China 1937
Germany annexes Austria 1938




World War II
German, Italian and Japanese offensive maneuvers went unchecked
Western fears exaggerated ideological tension
Depression further compounded political tensions
1939
Blitzkrieg
Surprise attacks
Rapid advances
Massive air strikes
Use of all vehicles
Blitzkrieg: Holland 1940
Maginot Line
Concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, artillery casements and other defensive posts on the French/German boarder
Defense for France against German invasion
Established after World War I
It was of little use in 1940 when Germany invaded France for the third time

Early Axis Victories
In April 1940 the quiet time of the war exploded into action.
Hitler launched a series of blitzkrieg.
Norway and and Denmark both fell.
Germany had overrun the Netherlands and Belgium.
Germany along with Italy forced France to surrender.

France Falls

Miracle at Dunkirk
Germans invaded France May 1940.
Retreating Allied forces made it to Dunkirk
Allies trapped between the advancing Nazis and the English Channel
British sent every boat they could get across the English Channel to pick up troops off the beaches of Dunkirk
Miracle at Dunkirk - the retreating allies had lost hope, then the British rescued 338,000 men.

Armistice with France
June 1940
Franco-German Armistice: divided France into two zones
One zone under German occupation
Second zone under French control
By 1942 Germans occupied all of France
World War II



AXIS POWERS:

Germany
Japan
Italy




Battle of Normandy
Propaganda
The Holocaust


Experiments
High-altitude
Freezing
Seawater
Malaria
Mustard Gas
Sulfanilamide
Bone, Muscle, and Nerve Regeneration and Bone Transplantation

Epidemic Jaundice
Sterilization
Spotted Fever
Poison
Incendiary Bomb
Twins
Artificial insemination
Other medical experiments


Death Toll

50 million people died
20 million of them in the Soviet Union
17 million in battle
18 million civilians
78,000 in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
6 million in Nazi gas chambers
1 million Jews in the Einsatzgruppen
80,000 racially “unfit, mental and physical defects” by T-4
The War is Over!

Pearl Harbor, Dec 1941
Roosevelt died April 12, 1945
Harry Truman



Teheran, Yalta, and Potsdam
United Nations
Germany is divided
Russia gets Eastern Europe (annexed Poland)
Japan is reduced and put under U.S. influence
Colonial holdings reconfirmed
Repositioning of the West
Loss of population
End of colonial empires
Advanced weapons monopoly declines
Trade monopoly declines
Economic strengthening of non-Western nations
Technology made isolation impossible
Defining the 20th Century
WWI
The Great Depression
WWII
Resolution of the Cold War
Global population tripled

Charlie Chaplin's Final Speech in The Great Dictator (Satire on Hitler)

Midterm 3 (DUE start of class on Thrusday June 21st)

TYPE complete definitions for the following terms: 1. Allied Powers 2. Axis Powers 3. Blitzkrieg 4. Concentration Camp 5. D-Day 6. Embargo 7. Insurgent, Insurgents 8. Manhattan Project 9. Potsdam Conference 10. Third Reich 11. Yalta Conference 12. Fascism 13. Nazi-Soviet Pack 14. Manhattan Project 15. Operation Barbarossa 16. Miracle at Dunkirk 17. Hiroshima, Nagasaki 18. Joseph Stalin 19. Franklin Delano Roosevelt 20. Emperor Hirohito 21. Winston Churchill 22. Erwin Rommel 23. Joseph Mengele 24. Code talkers 25. Propaganda 26. Battle of Stalingrad 27. Pearl Harbor 28. Battle of Midway 29. Death Toll 30. Nazi medical experiments 31. Final Solution 32. Nuremberg Trials 33. Crimes Against Humanity 34. Atomic Bomb 35. Gas Chamber MUST BE TYPED - no late work, no emailed work

Starving Winter (Stalin)

PP Notes Latin America

Latin America
Forces of reaction and revolution
Economic challenges
Cultural and political identity
Industrialization
Global interests in its’ financial potential

Minimal involvement in WWII
Economy had grown
Cold War stimulated revolutionary idealists
U.S. disliked radicalism
By 1945 more nations would face authoritarian rule
Cuba



Improved: housing, education, health
Failed industrialization
Weakened economy
Involved in the Cold War
Long term problems with U.S.
Economic frustration after fall of USSR
Displacement internationally
Mexico

Party of Institutionalized Revolution
Maintained control and organization
Became very corrupt and practiced repression
Social tension and injustice
Economic failure
1990 Mexico joined NAFTA
2000 ended PRI rule
CHILE
Democracy
Longest running democracy
Economic crisis
Natural disasters
Large disparity in standard of living
Cuba’s example
Revolutionary groups



The CIA was authorized to spend U.S. $8 million to secure the overthrow of Allende; and given the black market price of dollars this was probably worth closer to $40 million. In addition, U.S. loans were cut off; the United States used its influence to block loans from the World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank: it tried to obstruct renegotiation of the Chilean debt; short-term credits from U.S. banks dried up; and the North American copper companies took legal action against Chile to block exports of copper to Europe [This was a reaction due to the appropriation of their mine sites in Chile]. There was, of course, substantial borrowing, particularly from other Latin American countries, and important financial aid was given by credits for long-term development, including a total of U.S. $500 million from the Soviet bloc, were nearly all unspent at the time of the coup. There may not have been a blockade by the United States, but there was a virtual boycott, and the effect on an economy so tied to the U.S. economic system could not but produce serious dislocation. (sic) (Bethell 167)

Move to capitalism
Shift in cultural identity
Purging of education, censorship, curfews, persecution of socialists, secret police (DINA), prison and torture
Absolute dictatorship until October 1989

Political Responses
Liberal democracy
One-party rule
Populist government
Populist nationals
Reformist nationalists
Military government
Communist government

Brief History of China

A Brief History of China: Democracy or Communist Bureaucracy?

Published on: Jun, 07, 2008


by: Rob Handfield, SCRC


Just recently, the Wall Street Journal published an article stating the incredible growth in automotive component manufacturing in China, as well as other industries. Many people are mystified by the details of how to do business in China. In particular, many people ask me about the chances for reform, and what it means as growth continues to occur. Is China a democracy? What is the impact of communism? What do I need to know if I do business in China?

One of the important elements that any visiting executive should think about before going to China is an understanding of the political history that has led to the position of China today. One of my recently graduated MBA students, Hao Xie, educated me with a brief history lesson that I will share with you. Hao is now dutifully employed at Chevron, working on procurement best practices with the company’s CPO.


Before 1911, China was still characterized as a feudalistic economy run by the Qing authorities. Even by 1949, China was primarily an agricultural economy. However, colonial capitalism did have a long and significant impact in some coastal cities, Shanghai and Guangzhou in particular.

The general economic condition of the nation was terribly bad because of the World War II and continuous civil wars. A crucial reason why Jiang Jieshi did not defeat Mao Zedong was that the capitalist economy was just forming and the industrial power was still very weak in most parts of China.

From 1949 – 1978, China, for the first time, systematically built its industrial base and transformed itself from an agricultural economy to an industrial one. The period between 1949 and 1956 was recognized as the golden period of Chinese industrialization, as the country established its primary industries including steel, automobile, textile, chemical, and defense. The GDP grew at the rate of over 20% per year.

Because of over-optimism, Mao made his first huge mistake by summoning his nation to speed up the industrialization. This was the “Great Leap”, which resulted in the significant economic recession in 1958 and 1959 and also the disaster in early 1960s.

The economy recovered, however, under the leadership of Liu Shaoqi in the early 1960s. As Liu accumulated much power in the communist party, Mao felt a threat from him and made his second huge mistake by starting the famous “Cultural Revolution” to suppress Liu and his followers, including Deng Xiaoping.

Nevertheless, it was during this period when China as a nation, rather than in a few cities, started its industrialization, though a lot of ups and downs. China created its college system and built hundreds of national labs throughout the country, and developed its most advanced technology under Mao’s dictation, such as nuclear weapons, satellites and rocket science, and super computers. Under his dictation, the most talented Chinese students chose science and engineering majors instead of law or economics, which Mao saw as trouble-making majors. This, maybe unintentionally, prepared today’s China with many talented scientists and engineers, many of whom became the technocrats in the government.

If Mao was the person who led the Chinese to the entrance of the industrial highway, Deng was the one who led the Chinese to drive on the highway. During this period, China has grown at a rate of over 10% per year. It is a common mistake that many Americans believe the rapid growth in China only happened in recent years. Jiang basically continued Deng’s philosophy, and harvested the fruits of the economic reform started by his predecessors.

During this period, China started to migrate from the economy of import-substituting to export-led. Jiang, originally from the Shanghai area, also did a lot of favors to his home city, and helped it overshadow the rapid development of Guangdong Province, where Deng first tested his pro-capitalism economic policy and has been open to the West since 1979.

Like Japan and the US, the power of China was not built overnight, but was a cumulative growth over the past 50 years. Though China has experienced rapid economic growth for over 25 years, most western countries paid attention to it only after its entry into WTO and the hosting of the 2008 Olympics.

Further, the CIA World Fact Book confirms the impact of these changes on the economy and its growth. Specifically, they note that:


The restructuring of the economy and resulting efficiency gains have contributed to a more than tenfold increase in GDP since 1978. Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis, China in 2005 stood as the second-largest economy in the world after the US, although in per capita terms the country is still lower middle-income and 150 million Chinese fall below international poverty lines.

Economic development has generally been more rapid in coastal provinces than in the interior, and there are large disparities in per capita income between regions. The government has struggled to: (a) sustain adequate job growth for tens of millions of workers laid off from state-owned enterprises, migrants, and new entrants to the work force; (b) reduce corruption and other economic crimes; and © contain environmental damage and social strife related to the economy’s rapid transformation.

From 100 to 150 million surplus rural workers are adrift between the villages and the cities, many subsisting through part-time, low-paying jobs. One demographic consequence of the “one child” policy is that China is now one of the most rapidly aging countries in the world.



Another long-term threat to growth is the deterioration in the environment – notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table, especially in the north. China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and economic development. China has benefited from a huge expansion in computer Internet use, with more than 100 million users at the end of 2005. Foreign investment remains a strong element in China’s remarkable expansion in world trade and has been an important factor in the growth of urban jobs.

In July 2005, China revalued its currency by 2.1% against the US dollar and moved to an exchange rate system that references a basket of currencies. Reports of shortages of electric power in the summer of 2005 in southern China receded by September-October and did not have a substantial impact on China’s economy. More power generating capacity is scheduled to come on line in 2006 as large scale investments are completed. Thirteen years in construction at a cost of $24 billion, the immense Three Gorges Dam across the Yangtze River will be essentially completed in 2006 and will revolutionize electrification and flood control in the area.

The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in October 2005 approved the draft 11th Five-Year Plan and the National People’s Congress is expected to give final approval in March 2006. The plan calls for a 20% reduction in energy consumption per unit of GDP by 2010 and an estimated 45% increase in GDP by 2010. The plan states that conserving resources and protecting the environment are basic goals, but it lacks details on the policies and reforms necessary to achieve these goals.

Whew! That was a very brief lesson, but enough to help you understand the diverse set of political and economic forces at work.

PP Notes Panama Canal

The Panama Canal
1914 The first ship to pass through the canal (SS Ancon)

In 1869, Suez Canal was completed: this is where the idea for the Panama Canal began
1881 Ferdinand de Lesseps starts work on the Canal
1884 French have over 19,000 working on the Canal project
1881-1889 Disease runs rampant: Malaria, Yellow Fever and Typhoid (death toll: 22,000)
1889 de Lesseps’ can no longer manage the financial aspects of the project and he declares bankrupcy
1894 New French Company attempts to restart the venture, but is unsuccessful (retain ownership)
1898 Americans send battleship Oregon around South America to aid attack against Cuba in Spanish American War (thus an understanding of the importance of a canal project)

1902 Roosevelt Administration decides to make a trans-oceanic canal a national priority
1903 “Panamanians” (very minor group, encouraged by International Interests) revolt from Columbia and declare independence; US maintains rights to Canal
1904 John F. Wallace named first American Chief Engineer
1905 John F. Stevens succeeds Wallace and introduces plans for a LOCK system with Gatun Lake included in pathway
1906 Army Engineer COL George W. Goethals succeeds Stevens and essentially completes his plan, overcoming enormous health and landslide problems
August 1914 the first vessel transits the new Panama Canal, just as World War I erupts

Life for Workers
Streets and areas were without sewage and water. This is an example of a street before American occupation and then after.
Workers were shipped in from all over the world. Housing and food was provided with wages (but weren’t very high)


Quarantine for a Yellow Fever victim
Fighting Mosquitoes (Disease)
The canal could not be completed until sanitation problems were solved (Dr. William Gorgas took upon himself the cause of discovering and then fighting the transfer of disease.)


The Big Cut at Culebra
One of the largest and most difficult incisions was along the Continental Divide near Culebra, where they had to cut through volcanic rock

Culebra Cut had numerous landslides, requiring more than 5 times the original excavation.

Engineering challenges and solutions that had never been done before in every aspect of the Canal’s development
The impossible was tried: mechanically, financially, medically, and geographically

To handle the millions of tons of stone, sand, and cement required for building the locks, ingenious machinery has been installed which automatically selects the right proportions of stone, sand, and cement and mixes the material.  The piles in the foreground in the above picture are sand; the darker piles on the further side of the railway track are stone.   Grab-buckets shoot down from the arms of the crane, bite into the piles, shoot back to the crane, and feed their loads into the mixer, where cement has been already delivered in bags or barrels.)

PP Notes Mao

China under Mao Zedong 1949 - 1976
Outline
GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949)
Recovery and Socialism (1949-1956)
Rethinking the Soviet model (1956-1957)
Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)
Recovery & growing elite division (1962-5)
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
Anti-Japanese War (1937-1945)
Civil War (1946 – 1949)
GMD: Guomindang (Nationalist Party)
Chiang Kai-shek (President)
CCP: Chinese Communist Party
Mao Zedong
“War of Liberation”
Mao Zedong
A revolution to remove “3 big mountains”
imperialism
feudalism
bureaucrat-capitalism
A “United Front” of …
workers
peasants
petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie
People’s Republic of China
1949-10-01, PRC, Beijing
Chairman: Mao Zedong
5-Star Red Flag

Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan
Economic Reconstruction 1950s
Soviet Union model and assistance
land reform (eliminate landlord class)
heavy industry (state-owned enterprises)
First National People’s Congress (1954)
PRC Constitution
Zhou Enlai
Premier
Foreign Minister
Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)
abandon the Soviet model of economic development
Soviet “scientific planning”
mass mobilization
people’s communes
Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)
unrealistic output targets
industry
agricultural and human disaster
Growing Division (1962-1965)
Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping
charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracy
Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
commitment to revolution and “class struggle”
power struggle to succeed Mao
Phase I: the rise and fall of “red guards”
Phase II: the rise and fall of Lin Biao
Phase III: the rise and fall of the “Gang of Four”
Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)
Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)
Purge of party cadres
Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping
Purge of intellectuals
Phase II: Lin Biao (1969-71)
the putative successor to Mao Zedong
the cult of personality around Mao
In 1971 Lin allegedly tried but failed
to assassinate Mao
to flee to Soviet Union (“9.13”)
“9.13” eroded the credibility
of the entire leadership
of the Cultural Revolution
Phase III: the “Gang of Four”
1972 – 1976
power struggle between
the radical “Gang of Four”, led by Jiang Qing, Mao’s wife
the “moderates”, led by Premier Zhou Enlai
the fate of Deng Xiaoping
Diplomatic Breakthrough
1971, PRC became the representative of China in UN (replaced ROC)
Diplomatic Breakthrough
1972, President Nixon visited Beijing
Mao and Zhou Died in 1976
Turning point in China’s postwar era
“Gang of Four” were arrested
End of the Cultural Revolution
Mao’s legacies
Reforms and Opening up
The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP Central Committee in 1978
Deng Xiaoping’s ascendancy
economic modernization became focus
US-PRC diplomatic relations in 1979

PP Notes USSR

Stalin

Born in Georgia in 1879
Learned Russian at school
Attended a seminary
Became a professional revolutionary and would spend years in Siberia
In 1924 was promoted after Lenin’s death
Dictatorship: strengthened military, poor conditions for the masses, Great Terror of 1930s, Gulags


Negotiated agreements with Germany during WWII
Supply lines went directly into Germany
Secretly cultivated an understanding with the West
Hitler’s attack in June 1941


Soviet Union

Eisenhower and Khrushchev

1970 elected to the USSR Supreme Soviet
Change foreign policy regarding nuclear arms
Negotiated nuclear free zone (s) with President Ronald Reagan of the U.S.
Feb 7, 1990 ended 72 years of communist rule
1990-91 President of the USSR
1991 Fall of Communism and the Soviet State

The Fall of Communism
Economy deteriorated
Poor living conditions, frustrated population
Government control of church
High rates of alcoholism and crime
Women lacked equality
Ethnic strife, poor medical care, rigid education
Pressure from hard-line communists, free market supporters, nationalists and secessionists

PP Notes FDR New Deal

Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal
Redefined Democracy:
Political Rights  Economic Security  Social Justice
Causes of the Great Depression
Agricultural overproduction
Industrial overproduction
Unequal distribution of wealth
Over-extension of credit
International economic situation
How Herbert Hoover Dealt with the Crisis
He played the game of confidence economics and just kept saying: “Prosperity is right around the corner.”
Voluntary Measures
Hoover eventually established two privately-funded organizations:
The National Credit Association provided $1/2 billion to businesses for emergency loans, but it was too under-funded to do much good.
The Organization for Unemployment Relief was a clearing house for relief agencies. However, state and local governments were already in too much debt to benefit from it.

Limited Government Intervention
In the end, Hoover resorted to government intervention:
The Reconstruction Finance Corp gave $1-1/2 billion in federal loans to banks, insurance companies, and industry to prevent bankruptcies, but it was too little, too late.
The Home Loan Bank Act provided federal loans to homeowners to prevent foreclosures, but got bogged down in red tape.
Reasons for Ineffectiveness
Hoover thought business should be self-regulating.
He had a mania for a balanced budget.
He lacked political finesse.
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Appeal
In 1932 presidential election, FDR was perceived as a man of action.
Hoover was viewed as a “do-nothing president.”
Norman Thomas, the Socialist candidate, was viewed as a radical.
Results: a landslide for Democrats and a mandate to use government as an agency for human welfare.

Situation When FDR Entered Office
In March 1933, the country was virtually leaderless and the banking system had collapsed.
FDR Restored Confidence
In his inaugural address, he said “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself….”
He promised vigorous leadership and bold action, called for discipline and cooperation, expressed his faith in democracy, and asked for divine protection and guidance.
FDR’s Personal Qualities
He was a practical politician who practiced the art of the possible.
He was a charismatic person who exhibited a warmth and understanding of people.
He knew how to handle press by focusing attention on Washington.
He provided dynamic leadership in a time of crisis.
He was willing to experiment
Purposes of the New Deal
Relief: to provide jobs for the unemployed and to protect farmers from foreclosure
Recovery: to get the economy back into high gear, “priming the pump”
Reform: To regulate banks, to abolish child labor, and to conserve farm lands
Overall objective: to save capitalism
Sources of New Deal Ideas
Brains Trust: specialists and experts, mostly college professors, idea men
New Economists: government spending, deficit spending and public works, government should prime economic pump
Roosevelt Cabinet: included conservatives, liberals, Democrats, Republicans, inflationists, anti-inflationists -- often conflicting, compromising, blending ideas
First New Deal (1933-1934)
Emphasis: reform
Political Position: conservative
Primary aim: economic recovery
Philosophy: economic nationalism and economic scarcity (i.e., raise prices by creating the illusion of scarcity)
Objectives: higher prices for agriculture and business
Beneficiaries: big business and agricultural business
National Recovery Act (NRA)
Purpose: recovery of industry
Created a partnership of business, labor, and government to attack the depression with such measures as price controls, high wages, and codes of fair competition
First Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
Purpose: the recovery of agriculture
Paid farmers who agreed to reduce production of basic crops such as cotton, wheat, tobacco, hogs, and corn
Money came from a tax on processors such as flour millers and meat packers who passed the cost on to the consumer

Federal Emergency Relief Admin (FERA)
Purpose: relief
Gave money to states and municipalities so they could distribute money, clothing, and food to the unemployed
Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC)
Purpose: relief
Gave outdoor work to unemployed men between the ages of 17 and 29
They received $30 per month, but $22 went back to the family


Second New Deal (1934-1941)
Emphasis: reform
Political Position: liberal
Primary aim: permanent reform
Philosophy: international economic cooperation and economic abundance
Objectives: increased purchasing power and social security for public
Beneficiaries: small farmers and labor

Social Security Act
Purpose: reform
Gave money to states for aid to dependent children, established unemployment insurance through payroll deduction, set up old-age pensions for retirees.

National Labor Relations Act
Purpose: reform
Put restraints on employers and set up a National Labor Relations Board to protect the rights of organized labor to bargain collectively with employers.
Second Agricultural Adjustment Act
Purpose: recovery for agriculture
Paid farmers for conservation practices, but only if they restricted production of staple crops.

U.S. Housing Authority
Purpose: recovery and reform
Used federal funds to tear down slums and construct better housing.

The New Deal on Trial
By 1935, political disunity was evident. There were critics on the right and the left.

Criticisms of Conservative Opponents
Conservative opponents said the New Deal went too far:
It was socialism (killed individualism)
It added to the national debt ($35 billion)
It wasted money on relief and encouraged idleness
It violated the constitution & states rights
It increased the power of the Presidency (FDR was reaching toward dictatorship, Congress a rubber stamp, independence of judiciary threatened, separation of powers shattered)
Anti-New Deal Organization
Conservative opponents to the New Deal had an organization called the American Liberty League. They had money but were small in numbers, so FDR was not worried.

Criticisms of Radical Opponents
Radical opponents said the New Deal did not go far enough. They were demagogues (rabble-rousers) and had popular followings, so FDR was concerned.

Senator Huey Long (LA)
Senator Huey Long said New Deal relief measures were mere crumbs and advocated a share the wealth plan (i.e., a guaranteed annual income of at least $5,000 for every American, financed by confiscating wealth of people who made over $5 million per year).

Father Charles E. Coughlin
Father Charles Coughlin was a rabble-rousing radio priest from Detroit. His broadcasts were called the “Golden Hour of the Little Flower.” He claimed there was an international bankers conspiracy and Jews were responsible. He advocated nationalization of banking and currency and national resources and demanded a “living wage.”
Dr. Francis E. Townsend
Dr. Francis E. Townsend was an elderly physician from CA. He had a plan for the federal government to pay $200 per month to unemployed people over 60. The program would be financed by a 2% national sales tax and each pensioner would be required to spend the money in 30 days. This would stimulate the economy.

Moderate Legislation
FDR sponsored moderate legislation to silence radical opposition:
Revenue Act of 1935 – Response to Huey Long. Increased taxes on large incomes and corporations.
Banking Act of 1935 – Response to Coughlin. Extended federal control over private banking practices.
Social Security Act of 1935 Response to Townsend. Included provisions for unemployables (dependent children, the disabled, blind), unemployment insurance, and old-age pensions.
The Election of 1936
The Election of 1936:
Made the Democratic party the majority party
Created a new Democratic coalition composed of both traditional elements and new elements
Showed that the American people rejected radical solutions to depression


The Election of 1936
The Roosevelt Coalition
While Republicans were still relying on their traditional base of political support (big business, big farmers, and conservatives), Democrats broadened their constituency by appealing to small farmers in the Midwest, urban political bosses, ethnic blue collar workers, Jews, intellectuals, and African Americans.
Protection of New Deal Accomplishments
Steps FDR took to protect New Deal accomplishments (both failed):
Court-Packing Plan (proposed increasing Supreme Court from 9 to 15 members, caused in revolt in Dem. Party)
Purge of the Democratic Party in the Election of 1938 (came out strongly in favor of liberal Dem. Candidates, evidence that he interfered in a state campaign, Republicans gained strength in both houses of Congress)

Decline of New Deal Reform after 1937
Reasons for decline of New Deal reform after 1937:
Court-packing plan made Congress irritable.
Recession of 1937-38 weakened confidence in New Deal measures. Republicans gained strength in both houses.
Attempted purge of Democratic party failed.
Conservative Democrats were elected to office. Resentful of attempted party purge, they joined ranks with Republicans to block New Deal legislation.
Increasing focus on foreign affairs.

The Significance of the New Deal
Physical Rehabilitation of Country
Attacked soil erosion
Built dams and planted trees to prevent floods
Reclaimed the grasslands of the Great Plains
Developed water power resources
Encouraged regional reconstruction projects like the TVA and Columbia River project

Human Rehabilitation
Established the principle that government has responsibility for the health, welfare, and security, as well as the protection and education of its citizens
Embraced social security, public health, housing
Entered the domain of agriculture and labor
Revitalization of Politics
Strengthened executive branch
Reasserted presidential leadership
Revitalized political party as a vehicle for the popular will and as an instrument for effective action.

Extension of Democracy
Redefined the concept of democracy so that it included not only political rights but economic security and social justice as well.


Maintenance of a Democratic System
The New Deal maintained a democratic system of government and society in a world threatened by totalitarianism.
Increased size and scope of government to meet needs of the depression
Provided the leadership that enabled Congress to put through the necessary relief, recovery, and reform measures.
Sponsored moderate legislation to neutralize the popularity of radical opponents




Government Expenditures
The total cost of the current bailout now exceeds $4.6 trillion dollars. It has cost more than all of these government expenditures combined. Figures in parentheses have been adjusted for inflation:
Marshall Plan: Cost: $12.7 billion ($115.3 billion)
Louisiana Purchase: Cost: $15 million ($217 billion)
Race to the Moon: Cost: $36.4 billion ($237 billion)
S&L Crisis: Cost: $153 billion ($256 billion)
Korean War: Cost: $54 billion ($454 billion)
The New Deal: Cost: $32 billion est.($500 billion est.)
Invasion of Iraq: Cost: $551billion ($597 billion)
Vietnam War: Cost: $111 billion ($698 billion)
NASA: Cost: $416.7 billion ($851.2 billion)
TOTAL: $3.92 trillion

PP Notes the 1920s

The Roaring 20’s
America After WWI
“A Return to Normalcy”
This became Warren G. Harding’s campaign slogan when he accidentally messed up the word, “Normality”
Americans loved it and elected him
Fighting the Recession
After WWI, 2 million soldiers were looking for work
Factories were closing because they were no longer getting orders for wartime goods from European nations
Republicans Rule the 1920s
“HARD”-”COOL”-”HOOV”
All the presidents of the 1920s were Republican
The names of the 3 presidents are Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover
Warren G. Harding died in office, probably due to shock
President Harding’s Corrupt Cabinet
Secretary of the Treasury: Andrew Mellon, a wealthy financier
Secretary of Commerce: Herbert Hoover, famous for his food raising efforts during WWI
“Ohio Gang”: Harding’s old friends from Ohio who were corrupt and stole money from the government
Charles Forbes
One of Harding’s old buddies
Head of the Veteran’s Bureau
Stole millions of dollars from the bureau

“I can take care of my enemies all right, but my…friends, they’re the ones that keep me walking the floors at night!” –Hoover

Herbert Hoover was very hard-working and honest, but his friends were not
After a bunch of betrayals, Harding died of a heart attack in August, 1923
The Teapot Dome Scandal
Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall accepted a bribe to lease government land to oil executives
One of these areas was called “Teapot Dome” in Wyoming
Fall was sent to prison
Vice President Calvin Coolidge Becomes President
“Silent Cal” spoke and spent little (Harding loved to throw parties and give long speeches)

He forced corrupt officials to resign

He was re-elected in 1924 with the slogan “Keep Cool With Coolidge”
From War Goods to Consumer Goods
Coolidge cut regulations on businesses
Americans’ incomes rose
People began to buy refrigerators, radios, vacuums, and other appliances
Businesses began to advertise their products
“Coolidge Prosperity”
“The business of America is business. The man who builds a factory builds a temple. The man who works there worships there.
Calvin Coolidge

What does President Calvin Coolidge believe American Prosperity rests on?
Buying on Credit
Installment Buying= Buying on Credit (Buy now, pay later)
Demands for goods jumped, but so did Americans’ debt
“If we want anything, all we have to do is go and buy it on credit. So that leaves us without any economic problems whatsoever, except that perhaps some day to have to pay for them.”
–Comedian Will Rogers
Soaring Stock Market
By the late 1920s, more people were investing in the stock market
People became rich overnight
Bull Market: Period of rapidly increasing stock prices
Prices of stocks rose more quickly than the value of the companies themselves
American Foreign Policy in the 1920s
Most all Americans (including Harding and Coolidge) wanted to remain “isolationist”
HOWEVER:
1. The U.S. still needed to protect economic interests in Mexico
2. The U.S. gave $10 million in aid to Russia during a famine
3. The U.S. still signed the “Kellogg-Briand Pact” with 61 other nations (which outlawed war)

Women Gain the Right to Vote
19th Amendment in 1920 gave women the right to vote
Carrie Chapman Catt set up the League of Women Voters
This group tried to educate voters and ensure the right of women to serve on juries
Ana Roque de Duprey
Fought for the right to vote for women in Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican women got the right to vote in 1929
Life Changes for Women
Women were told to go back home when the men came home to the factories after WWI
Many women stayed in the workforce as typists, cleaners, cooks, servants, seamstresses, teachers, secretaries, and store clerks
Many women bought ready-made clothing instead of making their own
Many women bought appliances to help them with housework after working a full day outside of the home
Impact of the Automobile
Car sales grew rapidly in the 1920s because Henry Ford’s assembly line made them so cheap
General Motors also became a popular seller of cars

Changing Lifestyles Due to the Automobile
Millions of jobs were created through factories, oil refineries, roads, highways, truck stops, gas stations, restaurants and tourist stops
Many Americans began to move to the suburbs to escape crowded conditions in cities
Mass Culture
Radio

Movies

The Jazz Age
Fashion Fads, flappers
Marathon Dancing
More Fads
Flagpole sitting: Where young people would sit for hours and even days on top of a flagpole. (The record: 21 days!)
The Dance Craze
The Charleston
Has a quick beat
Dancers kick out their feet
Popular dance for Flappers: Women who wore short skirts (to the knees), bright red lipstick, hair cut short, smoked and drank in public, and drove fast cars
New Music
Jazz: Born in New Orleans, created by African Americans, combination of West African rhythms, African American songs and spirituals, European harmonies

Listen to the song “Heebie Jeebies- What different rhythms can you recognize?
Famous jazz musicians: Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, “Jelly Roll” Morton
A New Generation of American Writers
Depressed about their awful experiences in World War I
Criticized Americans for being obsessed with money and fun
Many became expatriates (people who leave their own country to live in a foreign land) and moved to Europe
Ernest Hemingway
Wrote about experiences of Americans during WWI and in Europe
Wrote A Farewell to Arms, The Sun Also Rises, The Old Man in the Sea
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Wrote about wealthy young people who go to constant parties but cannot find happiness
He wrote The Great Gatsby
His characters had flappers, bootleggers, and movie makers
Sinclair Lewis
Grew up in a small town in Minnesota and moved to New York City
He wrote books about rural people from a city person’s perspective (making them look stupid)
Wrote Main Street and Babbitt
The Harlem Renaissance
In the 1920s, many African American artists settled in Harlem, New York City
Black artists, musicians, and writers celebrated their African and American heritage

Harlem Renaissance Poets
Claude McKay: From Jamaica, wrote the poem, “If We Must Die” that condemned lynchings

Countee Cullen: Taught high school in Harlem, wrote of the experiences of African Americans
Zora Neale Hurston
Write novels, short essays, short stories
Traveled throughout the South in a battered car collecting folk tales, songs, and prayers of black southerners
Published these in her book, “Mules and Men”
Langston Hughes
Most well-known of the Harlem Renaissance poets
Also wrote plays, short stories, and essays
First poem, “The Negro Speaks of Rivers”
Encouraged African Americans to be proud of their heritage
Protested racism and acts of violence against blacks

Heroes of the 1920s
Athletes:
Bobby Jones: Won nearly every golfing championship
Jack Dempsey: Heavyweight boxing champion for 7 years
Bill Tilden and Helen Willis: Tennis champions
Gertrude Ederle: 1st woman to swim the English Channel
Babe Ruth
Grew up in an orphanage
Often in trouble as a boy
Hit 60 homeruns in one season, and 714 overall
Called the “Sultan of Swat”
Charles Lindbergh
The greatest hero of the 1920s
The first person to fly an airplane across the Atlantic Ocean alone
Flew from New York to Paris
Called “Lucky Lindy” because he had to fly for 33 ½ hours and didn’t carry a parachute, a radio, or a map
“The Noble Experiment”
Prohibition

How did Prohibition help lead to organized Crime????

PP Notes Flappers

Roaring 20s and the Sisters


Jumba was derivative (from South – African influence)
Done in speakeasies by flappers
Seen as lewd or improper
Can be dances as a solo or with a partner
Mimics those in supportive of prohibition

20s Started off with the ratification of women’s suffrage
Extend through the Jazz age
1921 Margaret Sanger founds American Birth Control League
1923 Edna St. Vincent Millay receives Pulitzer Prize for poetry (1st woman)
1923 Equal Rights Ammendment sponsored by Alice Paul introduced to Congress


1925 Nellie Taylor Ross becomes governor of WY (1st female governor of a state)
1925 The World’s Exposition of Women’s Progress opens in Chicago (first women’s fair)
1927 Supreme Court upholds Buck vs. Bell – eugenic sterilization law (forced sterilization for the ‘health of the state’ with people i.e. mentally retarded)
1928 Women earn 35% of the college degrees
1928 Olympics – Women compete in field sports for the first time
1929 Gerty and Carl Cori develop theory of “Cori Cycle” (how energy moves in body) and would win Nobel Prize for this in 1947
1929 Mildred Wirt writes her first Nancy Drew novels

Gretta Garbo


THE FLAPPER
Short dresses, short hair, stockings rolled down, and powdered knees
Not confined to just home and family
Socially aware and seen as a little ‘fast’
Accessories and fashion changed: hat, long beads, handbags, bright colors
Bras are introduced (no corset)




Cotton Club was a famous restaurant and night club in NYC
Played live Jazz and had dancing
Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald and many famous musicians played there
1920 - Jack Johnson opened it (heavy weight champion) on 142nd St in Harlem.
A gangster would later take over the club by 1923 during prohibition

PP Notes Lenin to Stalin

Lenin

Born Vladimir Llich Ulyanov in 1870
Expelled from University for radical thinking
Finished law degree 1891
Became “Lenin” in 1901
Exiled to Siberia, went to Europe for 15 years
Became leader of the Bolsheviks



Stalin

Born in Georgia in 1879
Learned Russian at school
Attended a seminary
Became a professional revolutionary and would spend years in Siberia
In 1924 was promoted after Lenin’s death
Dictatorship: strengthened military, poor conditions for the masses, Great Terror of 1930s, Gulags


Negotiated agreements with Germany during WWII
Supply lines went directly into Germany
Secretly cultivated an understanding with the West
Hitler’s attack in June 1941


Soviet Union

Eisenhower and Khrushchev

1970 elected to the USSR Supreme Soviet
Change foreign policy regarding nuclear arms
Negotiated nuclear free zone (s) with President Ronald Reagan of the U.S.
Feb 7, 1990 ended 72 years of communist rule
1990-91 President of the USSR
1991 Fall of Communism and the Soviet State

The Fall of Communism
Economy deteriorated
Poor living conditions, frustrated population
Government control of church
High rates of alcoholism and crime
Women lacked equality
Ethnic strife, poor medical care, rigid education
Pressure from hard-line communists, free market supporters, nationalists and secessionists

Influenza: After WWI economic challenges and structural desturction were only the beginning (MUST COMMENT)

World War I (Aerial Footage )

PP Notes Capitalism

Robber Barons “…the three foremost exponents of business enterprise: Morgan, Carnegie and Rockefeller. The first because he had created a virtual monopoly in banking, a “money Trust”; the second because of his death-grip on the key industry of the country; the third, Rockefeller, because of his amassing of industrial profit continued at such a high rate that an immense reservoir of cash was accumulated, which sought outlet through investment-banking operations of a size exceeding even those of Pierpont Morgan.” -Josephson p 388 Cornelius Vanderbilt 1794-1877 Born to poor Dutch peasants in Staten Island Left school at 11 to help his father Self educated At 16, borrowed $100 from his parents, bought a small boat and started a ferry service to NYC 1818 sold his ships and became a steam ferry captain, eventually managing the fleet 1829 established a line of steamboats 1846 moved to NYC During the CA gold rush, devised a plan to sail people to Nicaragua, where he then built a RR that could take them up the coast to CA The “Commodore” was involved in nautical interests (shipping, etc.), and then RRs 1857 invested in NY & Harlem RR 1875 owned most of the RR systems in coming into NY and in the Midwest/East coast area Considered one of the greatest Railroad Barons Never too concerned with philanthropy, but gave $1 million to Central Univ. in Nashville, which thus became Vanderbilt Univ. When he died he was the richest man in NYC and left his fortune to William, one of his thirteen children Andrew Carnegie 1835-1919 Born in Dunfermline, Scotland and emigrated in 1848 At 14, worked as a bobbin boy in a textile factory, loved “progress” Optimistic, by 17 he was a telegrapher ($800 a year) Always looking for a way to get ahead, never let opportunity pass him by – even if meant breaking some rules The Gospel of Wealth: the rich should help enrich society, not ‘waste’ it on those who don’t have wealth (social Darwinist) Made his largest fortunes in steel, mass producing for rail lines Also owned other businesses (Pittsburgh Locomotive, Car Works) 1901 sold his steel holdings to JP Morgan for $250 million (negotiated in secret by Charles Schwab) By the time he died, he’d given away $350,695,653 and the last $30,000,000 at his death was also given to various interests “Rags to Riches” J.P. Morgan 1837-1913 Educated in Boston and Germany, later did banking for his father and then became a partner in Drexel, Morgan and Co. Collected antiquity art, books and was a philanthropist Very secretive, avoided too many public appearances, was embarrassed by a deformed nose Head of JP Morgan (1895) and member of Cromwell’s banking house Arranged merger of two major electric companies, creating General Electric Cromwell helped Morgan create the largest company in the world: United Steel Owned over 5000 miles of American Railroads In this he also became in Panama and funded the purchase of the French Canal Company Also lent the money for Panama’s independence, and later administered the country’s treasury Had incredible financial prowess with connections in the U.S. and Europe 1904 Northern Securities Corp. dissolved by Supreme Court (violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act) Sat on numerous boards and influenced most of the nations’ major corporations; influenced politics, regulatory and financial laws, industry, etc. Upon his death his art collection (very extensive) was donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in NY John D. Rockefeller 1839-1937 By 16 he worked as book keeper 1859 partner in a small produce business Within 4 years, he entered the oil refinery business 1870 organized Standard Oil Came to dominate the oil refinery business (mergers, eliminating competition, gaining large capital, agreements with competitors, crushing small businessmen) 1882 all of his diversified holdings were placed together under the Standard Oil Trust Also an accomplished financer Also an accomplished financer One of the directors of the 1901 U.S. Steel Corp. Had massive holdings in petroleum Several times the government forced Rockefeller to dissolve his interests Also avoided public attention Deep religious faith Donated to the Baptist Church, YMCA, etc. 1892 founded the University of Chicago Would start numerous foundations for public health, medical research, child welfare, etc.

PP Notes Industrial Rev

The Industrial Revolution 1848 Britain to Western Europe to the United States Change social structure and cultural values forever Changed working environments and revenue potential Social Changes People left the country, for city life Child labor decreased, children became valued More adults used to run factories Women Cultural Shifts Consumption and consumerism “Middle class” values Beginnings of product crazes (Popular culture) Consolidation of the Industrial Order Continued after 1850 Unification in Germany and Italy Rise of socialism Standard of living improved Slow population growth Rise of capitalism and industry (U.S.) Railroads Western World Economic dependency, political support, colonization Broadening reach: Social/cultural values Institutions Arts/science/philosophies Rising tensions in Europe Loss of colonies Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Triple Entente: Britain, Russia, France

PP Notes China

Ming and Qing Dynasties Last 3 Dynasties (Beijing) Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) Mongolian north of China proper Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Han Chinese Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) Manchu northeast of China proper Confucian culture modern concept of political nation state Chinese defined by Confucian culture civil service exam (605-1905) social mobility reward diligence, discipline, and willpower, but not talent or innovation law of avoidance “sum of social relationships” Social hierarchy and mobility scholar-officials, farmers, artisans, and merchants scholar-official-landlord learning, political power, and economic wealth local elite (gentry) and lineage lack of work ethic literati’s long gown foot-binding for women Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) China’s Tributary System Traditional system for managing foreign relations The ``Central Kingdom” worldview Ming dynasty had the most extensive tributary system tributes from East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and even West Asia and Africa Zheng He’s fleet (1405 - 1433) Over 300 ships & 20,000 men trade and commerce Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, and East Africa Zheng He’s expeditions Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1912) Ming dynasty fell in 1644 amid peasant uprisings and Manchu invasion Manchu and Han Chinese Ming and Qing Emperors Mandate of Heaven The 6 Bu Ministries 6-Bu system started in early Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) The 6 Bu (ministries) Ministry of Personnel Ministry of Revenue Ministry of Rites Ministry of Military Ministry of Criminal Justice Ministry of Public Works Emperor & Macartney (1793)

ESSAY Question Midterm 2

Discuss the positive and negative effects of the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution and Imperialism by the beginning of the 20th century.

African Land Controlled by Europe

Spheres of Influence in China up to 1914

Mao Zedong (1893-1976)

Mao was a Chinese communist leader and founder of the People's Republic of China. He was responsible for the disastrous policies of the 'Great Leap Forward' and the 'Cultural Revolution'.

Mao was born on 26 December 1893 into a peasant family in Shaoshan, in Hunan province, central China. After training as a teacher, he travelled to Beijing where he worked in the University Library. It was during this time that he began to read Marxist literature. In 1921, he became a founder member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and set up a branch in Hunan. In 1923, the Kuomintang (KMT) nationalist party had allied with the CCP to defeat the warlords who controlled much of northern China. Then in 1927, the KMT leader Chiang Kai-shek launched an anti-communist purge.

Mao and other communists retreated to south east China. In 1934, after the KMT surrounded them, Mao led his followers on the 'Long March', a 6,000 mile journey to northwest China to establish a new base.

The Communists and KMT were again temporarily allied during eight years of war with Japan (1937-1945), but shortly after the end of World War Two, civil war broke out between them. The Communists were victorious, and on 1 October 1949 Mao proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Chiang Kai-shek fled to the island of Taiwan.

Mao and other Communist leaders set out to reshape Chinese society. Industry came under state ownership and China's farmers began to be organised into collectives. All opposition was ruthlessly suppressed. The Chinese initially received significant help from the Soviet Union, but relations soon began to cool.

In 1958, in an attempt to introduce a more 'Chinese' form of communism, Mao launched the 'Great Leap Forward'. This aimed at mass mobilisation of labour to improve agricultural and industrial production. The result, instead, was a massive decline in agricultural output, which, together with poor harvests, led to famine and the deaths of millions. The policy was abandoned and Mao's position weakened.

In an attempt to re-assert his authority, Mao launched the 'Cultural Revolution' in 1966, aiming to purge the country of 'impure' elements and revive the revolutionary spirit. One-and-a-half million people died and much of the country's cultural heritage was destroyed. In September 1967, with many cities on the verge of anarchy, Mao sent in the army to restore order.

Mao appeared victorious, but his health was deteriorating. His later years saw attempts to build bridges with the United States, Japan and Europe. In 1972, US President Richard Nixon visited China and met Mao.

Mao died on 9 September 1976.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/mao_zedong.shtml

PP Notes WWI

World War I
Europe 1914

Heir to Austrian-Hungarian throne (Archduke Francis Ferdinand) was assassinated in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914.
Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
Russia mobilizes for war
Germany, as Austria’s ally, declares war on Russia



France, agrees to support Russia so
Germany declares war on France
Germany invades neutral Belgium to get to France
Britain, upset by this violation, declares war on Germany

A New Kind of War
Trench warfare
Handheld machine guns
Tanks
Poison gas
Submarines
Airplanes



Fronts
The Western Front (Trenches)
The Eastern Front (large area mostly in Russia)
The Third Front (Border between Austria-Hungary and Italy)
Other fronts: Middles East, Africa and Mesopotamia

Major Battles
Battle of Tannenberg Aug 26-30, 1914
Battle of Gallipoli begins Apr 25, 1915
Battle of Verdun Feb 21 – Dec 18, 1916
The Somme Offensive Jul 1- Nov 19, 1916
Allied Counteroffensive Nov 11, 1918


Allied Powers:
Serbia
Russia
France
Britain
U.S.
Treaty of Versailles

Austria-Hungary was divided into Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Yugoslavia
Germany lost land to Poland and France and its colonial empire was divided
Germany had to pay $33 billion to the allies
Russia lost territory to Poland and the Baltic states

Europe after 1918




Hunger, disease, lack of men to work farmland, and industry (and reproduce)
Ottoman Empire ceased
Arabs gained a nation, but under British supervision
Jewish/Palestinian conflict is fueled
Russia shifted into the communist era
Armenians were displaced
More than 400,000 children orphaned in France alone

PP Notes Imperialism

Imperialism
World Categories
Tropical Dependencies
For example?
White Dominions
For example?
Contested Settler Colonies
For example?
India
Using sepoys, the British gained power and land in India (18th century)
Defeating the French furthered British hold (Bengal 1757)
By the 19th century, India was Britain’s major colonial possession
Appointed statesmen were placed in charge


In 1857 part of the Indian army rebelled against the British
Africa and Asia


Polynesia

-Devastated population, culture, social structure, religion
-Had to eventually use the Europeans own systems (legal, political, educational) to prevent extinction


What happened to the native Americans, Aboriginals, Africans and Islanders?

Haiti
Mexico
Chile
Brazil
Argentina
Uncle Sam
What inspired an end?
American Revolution – model for colonial rebellion
French Revolution – revolutionary ideology
Slave rebellion – 1791 Haiti
France invaded Spain and Portugal
Results

PP Notes Mao

China under Mao Zedong 1949 - 1976 Outline GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949) Recovery and Socialism (1949-1956) Rethinking the Soviet model (1956-1957) Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) Recovery & growing elite division (1962-5) Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) Anti-Japanese War (1937-1945) Civil War (1946 – 1949) GMD: Guomindang (Nationalist Party) Chiang Kai-shek (President) CCP: Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong “War of Liberation” Mao Zedong A revolution to remove “3 big mountains” imperialism feudalism bureaucrat-capitalism A “United Front” of … workers peasants petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie People’s Republic of China 1949-10-01, PRC, Beijing Chairman: Mao Zedong 5-Star Red Flag Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan Economic Reconstruction 1950s Soviet Union model and assistance land reform (eliminate landlord class) heavy industry (state-owned enterprises) First National People’s Congress (1954) PRC Constitution Zhou Enlai Premier Foreign Minister Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) abandon the Soviet model of economic development Soviet “scientific planning” mass mobilization people’s communes Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) unrealistic output targets industry agricultural and human disaster Growing Division (1962-1965) Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracy Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution commitment to revolution and “class struggle” power struggle to succeed Mao Phase I: the rise and fall of “red guards” Phase II: the rise and fall of Lin Biao Phase III: the rise and fall of the “Gang of Four” Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69) Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69) Purge of party cadres Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping Purge of intellectuals Phase II: Lin Biao (1969-71) the putative successor to Mao Zedong the cult of personality around Mao In 1971 Lin allegedly tried but failed to assassinate Mao to flee to Soviet Union (“9.13”) “9.13” eroded the credibility of the entire leadership of the Cultural Revolution Phase III: the “Gang of Four” 1972 – 1976 power struggle between the radical “Gang of Four”, led by Jiang Qing, Mao’s wife the “moderates”, led by Premier Zhou Enlai the fate of Deng Xiaoping Diplomatic Breakthrough 1971, PRC became the representative of China in UN (replaced ROC) Diplomatic Breakthrough 1972, President Nixon visited Beijing Mao and Zhou Died in 1976 Turning point in China’s postwar era “Gang of Four” were arrested End of the Cultural Revolution Mao’s legacies Reforms and Opening up The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP Central Committee in 1978 Deng Xiaoping’s ascendancy economic modernization became focus US-PRC diplomatic relations in 1979

PP Notes Japan

The West used Asia for her resources The 19thcentury saw China being divided up by the west, a sort of warning to Japan. Japan adapted by adopting Western ideas and models in a short amount of time For example, Military ideas: Navy developed ‘dreadnaught’ battleship in 1905 - a year before HMS Dreadnaught was started in Britain. Japan used military to promote interests abroad. China was defeated in battle in 1894-5, giving Japan control of the mainland and Taiwan. This was the First Sino-Japanese War. (Sino=Chinese) Zhang Zuolin was warlord of Manchuria 1916-1928. Sympathetic to Chiang Kaishek and the new China A Japanese officer planted a bomb in his private train and assassinated him Chinese Emperor Pu Yi was made a puppet ruler for Japan in Manchukuo Manchukuo (land of the ‘Manchu’) Emperor Showa of Japan. Total and complete control over from his subjects and the military He was responsible the wars and conflict with China and the West In 1945, General MacArthur protected him from trail for war crimes to keep the Japanese people satisfied Prime Minister of Japan and primary military leader. Rose to power in the Manchukuo ‘Kwantung’ army Nicknamed the ‘razor’ Keen on ultra nationalistic secret societies. Responsible for 8M civilian deaths, countless deaths and experiments on prisoners of war. Commemorated at the Yasukuni Shrine. Apologized for military atrocities on his death. Executed for war crimes 1948 The Japanese army gradually crept Southward, through China, fighting all the way. 1937 the Japanese army clashed with the Chinese at the gates of Beijing (the Marco Polo Bridge). - Some groups welcomed Japan as liberators from western Imperialists - But soon Japan was seen as new imperialists, and feared Non-Japanese people were treated with cruelty and severity Much faster and more maneuverable than any other fighter at the time. Old battleships were made obsolete by the use of planes Pacific naval wars were to be decided by planes not by gunned ships Soldiers, highly skilled in attack, defence, and jungle warfare Highly motivated to defend their Emperor and their land By November 1941 the Japanese were positioned to strike Australia Campaigns to attack Burma and Midway Island were a prelude to this The bombing of Darwin was a precursor of the invasion The British government- alarmed at the rapid Japanese advance-decided to send warships to meet the Japanese England ignored the navy’s concern and warning about the danger of planes (sink ships easily) Both ships were sunk by over 100 Japanese planes It was a major blow to England US warships sinking at anchor. Japanese carrier planes ready to take off. Only luck kept this ship out of Pearl Harbour on the 7th. She arrived the following day. She was to lead the US Navy back into the fight in the Pacific. Heavy fighting. The Japanese pushed out British forces by superior jungle fighting techniques. The British reliance on motor vehicles was exploited as a weakness by simple tree-felled road blocks. The Japanese prepared to attack India The British counter attacked in Arakan but were again beaten The British adopted new techniques. Instead of trying to hold territory generally they held well-defended ‘boxes’ of strategically important land. The Japanese found themselves unable to defeat their enemy and unable to utilize the land to their advantage. They also now found themselves dependent on long, very vulnerable supply routes. Battle of the ‘Admin Box’ was a British victory in 1944. The Japanese army had, at last, to retreat. Built with huge effort this road was a link between the allies in Burma and China. Vast amounts of supplies trucked over the mountains to help the fight against the Japanese. The Japanese army were allowed to run riotous. Up to 300,000 civilian Chinese deaths 1,000 rapes a day Hospital patients tortured. Soldiers bayoneted and shot people at will. Japanese soldiers use prisoners for bayonet practice. US aid to China included these Curtis fighter planes, the ‘Flying Tigers’ They actually had shark mouths painted on because it was thought the Japanese were afraid of sharks! -to make up for losses, the Japanese built the world’s largest aircraft carrier. Due to bombing it had to put to sea whilst still unfinished, and with workers onboard still building -it was sunk by a US submarine shortly afterwards, still incomplete. Despite battleships the Japanese were masters of defence. US marine casualties were horrendous at every island attacked. Japanese defenders inevitably fought to the death. The island where the film ‘flags of our fathers’ was set. Horrendous casualties on both sides Carrier battles were fierce. Japanese islands acted as permanent aircraft carriers If you crashed in the Pacific you were unlikely to be found / rescued. Another Kamikase hit on a US carrier. A US sailor commented ‘the fight might be tough on land, but you can’t dig foxholes in the sea’! Another US ship in flames. But replacements were already on there way. US anti-aircraft fire became monstrous. Kamikase attacks occurred all day and all night. Nerves were worn to shreds as combatants were unable to rest. This island is within bomber range of Japan. If it fell then Japan was at last vulnerable. Even the Yamato battleship is sent on a suicide mission (and is sunk) Delivered the first atomic bomb to the US air force in Tinian. July 30 1945 sunk by Japanese submarine off the Philippines on the way home. Because of her ‘special mission’ her journey was ‘secret’. Of 1200 crew members, 900 survived the sinking only to find themselves at sea with no rescuers even looking for them. Sharks were quickly attracted and after 4 days only 300 men were left, terrified and out of their minds. It was the worst US Navy disaster in history. The effect of ‘little boy’ Japan withdrew all forces from the Pacific and from the mainland. So widely scattered were soldiers, and so dedicated were they to their cause, that old soldiers were still coming out of hiding in 1972! Japan lost 2.5 million people in the war. China lost 10 million people. The Yasukuni shrine is still contentious. Hirohito refused to visit in his last years due to rumors that it housed Japan’s war criminals. The present day prime Minister still visits. The USA rebuilt Japan to enable it to recover as a source of American influence in Asia. The Atom bomb was seen as the crucial symbol of political power. The US considered using it on China but withheld

PP Notes Korea

Chosun Dynasty 1392-1910 CE Chosun’s Beginnings: Yi Seung-kye is dispatched to repel Ming attack Concludes he can’t win Negotiates with invaders Returns to Kaesung and takes over city with Ming help Ming alliance New Chosun Dynasty Named by Ming Emperor 朝鮮 -- 조선 – “Morning Calm” Ming China invades Korea 1392 Yi’s diagnosis of Koryo’s failings: Buddhism – too influential Confucianism is the answer Focus on Confucian relationships and virtues Five Relationships Hyo (filial piety) is the core virtue Neo-Confucian orthodoxy Chosun and Gender Patrilocal marriage Rigid patriarchy Women’s roles Strict obedience Produce a son Woman’s Three Lords: Father … Husband … Son Strict Chastity Chosun women’s small dagger Religious intolerance Buddhism Persecuted Driven out of cities Lands confiscated – hence: Mountain Temples Becomes a religion predominantly of women Chosun Dynasty Censorate system Confucian Secret Investigator Focus on Scholarship: Sungkyunkwan University 1400s Focused on Confucian Scholarship Now a major, modern university King Sejong: 1418-1450 Patron of Arts and Sciences Printing of Confucian classics Moveable type used heavily Hangul Commissioned Korea’s Phonetic Script His most famous accomplishment Hideyoshi Invasion: 1592 Korea occupied, ransacked National treasures destroyed Tremendous animosity developed Non’gae -- “Patriotic Kisaeng” Turtle ships Korea Liberated Reemphasize Confucianism: Korea is the last bastion of civilization… Korea as the Hermit Kingdom Catholics Enter Korea: 1784 Two Korean Yangban Discover Catholicism in China Convert Bring back Catholic books Teach Catholicism in Korea French priests sneak in Chesa condemned as “worship” Catholicism not warmly welcomed by government Catholics In Korea Silk letter 1801 Smuggled with tribute mission to China Discovered Requested French intervention to ensure Catholic rights in Korea Chesa Controversy Catholics forbidden to perform Chesa Government declares Catholicism illegal Catholic Pogroms: 1860s Thousands beheaded French Respond with brief naval attack Catholics In Korea Catholics (mostly Yangban) retreat from public life Live in small villages Make ceramic pots Kimchi Pots “Potter” is slang for Catholic Korea and the West General Sherman incident 1866 American Merchant Marine Ship Sunk and burned 1871 retaliation for General Sherman US sends retaliatory naval strike Pressure from Japan 1874: first unequal treaty – Japan Grants Japan special rights in Korea Japan may intervene if other nations do Koreans recognize the threat, but are powerless to resist Korea and the West 1882: first US Treaty “Good offices” clause Korea sees it as mutual defense Protection from the real threat: Japan West, esp. US, seen as potential savior from the more-threatening Japanese Korea and the West Protestants 1884 Dr. Horace Allen MD to the US Consulate Presbyterian Missionary Heals Korean Crown Prince Granted one favor Requests freedom of religion for Korea and missionary rights for Christianity Protestants in Korea Enter 1884 Adopt Nevius Method Service: education, medical care, etc Focus on poor and women Cultivate local clergy and leadership ASAP Prepare for local church independence Protestants in Korea Bible (성경) is the first major work published in hangul (한글) – not Chinese Prompts the beginning of Hangul literature movement Protestants in Korea Presbyterian Structure Governance by “Elders” Lay leaders play major role: High prestige Democratic, participatory structure Koreans flock to Presbyterians Christians seen as connected with America America seen as the one hope for protection from Japan Western Education (in Christian Schools) seen as the key to modernizing the nation Non-Christian Korean nationalists flock to Christian schools for modern, Western education Protestants in Korea Provide Best education available Become core to nationalist and modernization movements Grow and develop rapidly Develop a strong national network of hundreds of churches and many thousands of members by 1900 Late Chosun Government: Decay and Stagnation Government stagnates and tries to avoid reform or Western interaction as much as possible Dominated by Conservative Queen Min Queen Min, like China’s Empress Dowager, was a tyrannical traditionalist Kabo Reforms: Attempt to modernize after Queen Min’s death Modernization effort, but too little, too late Tonghak Rebellion Tonghak Rebellion: 1894 (Eastern Learning) Nativist movement growing out of the Chundokyo Religion (a native Korean religion borrowing both from Daoism and Christianity) Deeply Anti foreign Chosun Government could not repress the Tonghaks Calls in China and Japan asserts 1874 treaty to follow Sino-Japanese War 1894-95 Chosun Collapse Chosun Weakened King even seeks protection in Russian Embassy Russo-Japanese War 1904-05 Russia forced to leave Korea becomes a Japanese protectorate Meaning Japan “protects” (dominates) Korea Japanese Occupation 1910-1945 Koreans continue to look to US as potential savior Look to Protestant churches as special connection to America Japan annexes Korea 1910 Taft-Katsura Agreement US concurs secretly that Japan should lead to modernize and develop Korea Protestant Missionaries agree: Japan is the one modern Asian Nation Korean’s need Japanese tutelage Koreans today see this as a major betrayal

The Power of Forgiveness

Dr. Arun Gandhi, grandson of Mahatma Gandhi and founder of the M.K. Gandhi Institute for Nonviolence, in his June 9 lecture at the University of Puerto Rico, shared the following story as an example of nonviolence in parenting: “I was 16 years old and living with my parents at the institute my grandfather had founded 18 miles outside of Durban, South Africa, in the middle of the sugar plantations. We were deep in the country and had no neighbors, so my two sisters and I would always look forward to going to town to visit friends or go to the movies. One day, my father asked me to drive him to town for an all-day conference, and I jumped at the chance. Since I was going to town, my mother gave me a list of groceries she needed and, since I had all day in town, my father asked me to take care of several pending chores, such as getting the car serviced. When I dropped my father off that morning, he said, ‘I will meet you here at 5:00 p.m., and we will go home together.’ After hurriedly completing my chores, I went straight to the nearest movie theater. I got so engrossed in a John Wayne double-feature that I forgot the time. It was 5:30 before I remembered. By the time I ran to the garage and got the car and hurried to where my father was waiting for me, it was almost 6:00. He anxiously asked me, ‘Why are you late?’ I was so ashamed of telling him I was watching a John Wayne western movie that I said, ‘The car wasn’t ready, so I had to wait,’ not realizing that he had already called the garage. When he caught me in the lie, he said: ‘There’s something wrong in the way I brought you up that didn’t give you the confidence to tell me the truth. In order to figure out where I went wrong with you, I’m going to walk the walk home 18 miles and think about it.’ So, dressed in his suit and dress shoes, he began to walk home in the dark on mostly unpaved, unlit roads. I couldn’t leave him, so for five-and-a-half hours I drove behind him, watching my father go through this agony for a stupid lie that I uttered. I decided then and there that I was never going to lie again. I often think about that episode and wonder, if he had punished me the way we punish our children, whether I would have learned a lesson at all. I don’t think so. I would have suffered the punishment and gone on doing the same thing. But this single nonviolent action was so powerful that it is still as if it happened yesterday. That is the power of nonviolence. Originally posted by Dr.Arun Gandhi at PSY On Saturday, December 5, 2009 http://pakistanisforpeace.wordpress.com/2009/12/09/the-power-of-forgiveness-by-gandhis-grandson-dr-arun-gandhi/

Catherine the Great 5/5

Catherine the Great 4/5

Catherine the Great 3/5

Extra Credit Paper Week 4

Extra Credit (Up to 30 points) Due Week 4, Thursday:
2.5 - 3 page Paper

Select a position that is nominated or appointed by the Office of President (i.e. Secretary of State, Supreme Court Justice, Navy General, etc.)
One Page: In your own words: What is the position? What is the job description?
One Page: In your own words: Who currently holds this position?  What are the political and profesional experience of the person CURRENTLY serving in this position?
Half a Page: Are they doing a good job? Why or why not?

You may NOT select the Office of the President

PP Notes Islamic Dynasties

Islamic Empires Theme: The historical origins of today’s Islamic world Lesson 14 Ottoman Empire Begun by Osman Bey in 1289 Osman and his followers above all sought to become ghazi “the instrument of the religion of Allah, a servant of God who purifies the earth from the filth of polytheism; the Ghazi is the sword of God, he is the protector and the refuge of the believers. If he becomes a martyr in the ways of God, do not believe that he has died– he lives in beatitude with Allah, he has eternal life” Ahmadi Ottoman Empire The Ottoman’s location on the borders of the Byzantine Empire gave them ample opportunity for holy war Mehmed II Ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1451 to 1481 In 1453, he toppled the Byzantine Empire, capturing Constantinople, renaming it Istanbul, and making it the new Ottoman capital Expanded the empire to become the ruler of “two lands” (Europe and Asia) and “two seas” (the Mediterranean and the Black) Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II Suleyman the Magnificent Reigned from 1520 to 1566 and continued the expansion Conquered Baghdad in 1534 Like the other Ottomans, Suleyman was a Sunni Turkey Turkey is about 97% Moslem and about 80% of these Moslems are Sunni Iraq Under Saddam Hussein, Iraq was 60-65% Shia and 32-37% Sunni but Sunnis dominated the government and economy Safavid Empire Founded by Shah Ismail in 1501 and lasted until 1722 Shah Ismail reigned to 1524 and proclaimed his realm’s official religion would be Shiism Would impose Shiism by force if necessary over the formerly Sunni population Seized control of the Iranian plateau and centered his empire around the capital of Istahan Iran Differences Between Shia and Sunni Shiites About 15% of all Muslims Islam’s leader should be a descendant of Mohammad Qualified religious leaders have the authority to interpret the sharia (Islamic law) Sunnis About 85% of all Muslims Leaders should be chosen through ijma, or consensus The sharia was codified and closed by the 10th century Selim the Grim The Sunni Ottomans under Selim the Grim (reigned 1512-1520) detested the Shiite Safavids and launched a full-scale invasion of Safavid territory Battle of Chaldiran The critical battle in this campaign was the battle of Chaldiran in 1514 The Ottomans won and temporarily occupied the Safavid capital of Tabriz but could not completely destroy the Safavid state The Ottomans and Safavids continued to fight intermittingly for the next two centuries Modern Iran The US helped bring Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi to power in 1953 Iran’s Shia Moslems despised the Shah’s secular rule and western influence In 1979 revolutionaries led by Ayatollah Khomeini seized power Shia militants captured 69 US hostages at the US Embassy in Tehran, 55 of which remained captive until 1981 Alternatives in Iran Revolution US Hostages in Iran, 1980 Failed Rescue Attempt Iraq Saddam Hussein became president of Iraq in 1979 Sunnis held power Iraq saw the revolution in Iran as an opportunity to invade The Iran-Iraq War lasted from 1980 to 1988 and killed as many as one million soldiers Iran-Iraq War Saddam used poisonous gas against Iraqi Kurds who he considered sympathetic toward Iran Back to the Ottomans…. By the late 17th Century the Ottoman expansion had reached its limits The Ottomans had neglected military training and technological advances and fell behind the European armies in strategy, tactics, weapons, and training They suffered a series of military defeats Ottoman Decline The loss of military power translated to declining effectiveness of the central government By the early 19th Century, semi-independent governors and local notables became increasingly autonomous Ottoman Decline The Ottoman government maintained its authority in Anatolia and Iraq, but it lost territory elsewhere Russia gained territory in the Caucasus and central Asia Austria gained territory on the western frontier After an unsuccessful invasion by the French, Egypt became an essentially autonomous region within the Ottoman Empire under the rule of Muhammad Ali Ottoman Decline In addition to military and territorial losses, the Ottomans suffered economically as merchants began to circumvent Ottoman intermediaries and trade directly with their counterparts in India and China The Ottoman Empire had little to export and became heavily dependent on foreign loans “Capitulation”– agreements exempting European visitors from Ottoman law and providing European powers the right to exercise jurisdiction over their own citizens in Ottoman territory– threatened Ottoman sovereignty “The Sick Man of Europe” “We have on our hands a sick man, a very sick man.” Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, 1853 Mahmud II Reigned from 1808 to 1839 and launched a reform program designed to restore the traditional Ottoman military The elite and powerful Janissaries opposed the reforms, but Mahmud massacred them He remodeled his institutions, especially his military, along European lines European-style uniforms European tactics and weaponry European education Other Reforms of Mahmud Created a system of secondary education for boys to facilitate the transition from mosque schools to newly established scientific, technical, and military academies Established European style ministries, built new roads and telegraph lines, and started a postal service Transferred authority to the sultan from traditional elites by Taxing rural landlords Abolishing the system of military land grants Undermining the ulama (the Islamic leadership) Ottoman Empire under Mahmud II The empire was smaller, but it was more consolidated and powerful than it had been since the early 17th Century Tanzimat The tempo of reform increased after Mahmud during the Tanzimat (“reorganization”) era from 1839-1876 Reformers drew inspiration from the Enlightenment thought and the constitutional foundations of western European states Principal target was the army, but other reforms involved law and education Tanzimat The legal reforms were designed to make Ottoman law acceptable to Europeans so the Ottomans could have the capitulations lifted and recover sovereignty Safeguarded the rights of subjects through guaranteed public trials, rights of privacy, and equality before the law Educational reforms resulted in a complete system of primary, secondary, and university education under the supervision of the state ministry of education Legal and educational reforms both undermined the ulama and there was opposition from religious conservatives and others Abd al-Hamid II An opposition group of radical dissidents from the Ottoman bureaucracy staged a coup in 1876 and installed Abd al-Hamid II as sultan Abd al-Hamid imposed a despotic regime and generated much opposition Young Turks The Ottoman Society for Union and Progress (better known as the Young Turks) was founded in 1889 by exiled Ottomans In 1908 they inspired an army coup and in 1909 they dethroned Abd al-Hamid and established a puppet sultan Ottoman sultans would now reign but not rule Agenda of the Young Turks Universal suffrage Equality before the law Freedom of religion Free public education Secularization of the state Emancipation of women Still the Sick Man The Young Turks sought to maintain Turkish hegemony within the larger Ottoman Empire which caused opposition from subject peoples outside the Anatolian heartland such as in Syria and Iraq The Ottoman Empire was crumbling and survived principally because the European powers could not decide how to dispose of it without upsetting the European balance of power World War I In 1914, the Ottomans became aligned with the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary) Successfully fended off the Allied landing at Gallipoli in 1915 and Mesopotamia in 1916, but then began retreating on all fronts Mustafa Kemal emerged as a great war hero World War I Arabs, assisted by the British and T. E. Lawrence (“Lawrence of Arabia”), revolted against Turkish rule in Syria, Palestine, and Arabia The Central Powers sued for peace in November 1918 Treaty of Sevres (1920) and Treaty of Lausanne (1923) The Treaty of Sevres effectively dissolved the Ottoman Empire, calling for the surrender of Ottoman Balkan and Arab provinces and the occupation of eastern and southern Anatolia by foreign powers Turks led by wartime hero Mustafa Kemal successfully resisted the occupation The Republic of Turkey was officially recognized by the Treaty of Lausanne Mustafa Kemal Mustafa Kemal served as president of Turkey for 15 years until his death in 1938 Known as Ataturk or “Father Turk” “Westernized” Turkey Turkey under Ataturk New ideology of Kemalism stressed the republican form of government representing the power of the electorate, secular administration, nationalism, mixed economy with state participation in many of the vital sectors, the process of parliamentary and participatory democracy, modernization. Legacy of Ataturk Turkey became the first Moslem nation to become a republic Left Turkey with a divided identity — Europeanized but not quite European, alienated from the Islamic world but still a Muslim country The Turkish military still sees itself as the guardian of Turkish independence, nationalism, and secularism Turkey at the Crossroads Next Building of American States

PP Notes Islam

World History II With Prof. RaeAnn L. Osborne Islam Division Within Shiite – believe authority through direct lineage, Imam is a guide (Hadith is different) Sunni – believe authority through appointment, Caliph is a political/religious figure Sufism – Islamic mysticism Persia and Afghanistan Safavids conquered an area, formally part of Russia, in modern day Iran. Safavids 1500 to 1722 Abbas I 1587-1629 India 1526- 1858 The Mughals The Mughals Akbar 1556-1605 13 years old when crowned Persian mother, Turkish father Outstanding military talent Understood administrative facet of government Encouraged reconciliation with Hindu subjects Created a new faith Tried to change position of women Regime reached peak of its splendor Decline The Osmanli Dynasty Turkic - 13th century (Osman I) Gazis, rapid expansion, jihad By 1453 Byzantine was defeated Expand the empire into Europe, Asia, North Africa and the Middle East Mediterranean military dominance until 16th century The Ottoman Empire Muslims, Christians, Jews Turks, Persians, Mongols, Mesopotamians, Muslims Absolute authority: Adala (affected war) Sultan: political, military, judicial, social and religious Titles: Padishah, Khan, Imam, Caliph Strong military From Constantinople to Istanbul Suleyman Defender of Islam The Lawmaker 1520-1566 Suleyman I (Soloman): “Golden Age” Codified laws Pragmatic statesman (Grand Vizier) Amazing general Opened trade, encouraged tolerance, defender of “Islam” Spied on his own system –Friday prayers (Intelligence gathering was one of the best in the world until the 20th century) Executed sons Architecture The Ottoman Empire By the 16th Century Funneled money into Protestant movement Adopted a policy of helping any Muslim country threatened by European expansion Most powerful Empire: wealth, military Military The beginning of Decline

PP Notes Tokugawa Japan

Tokugawa Period 12 Japan Origins of Tokugawa Oda Nobunaga Hideyoshi Toyotomi Tokugawa Ieyasu Tokugawa and it’s control system Tokugawa Period (also called Tokugawa Shogunate): 1568 – 1868 AD Tokugawa System: Daimyo and their Han (Domain) Shimpan Fudai Tozama Tokugawa and it’s control system Daimyo and their Han (Domain) Shimpan Fudai Tozama Tokugawa and it’s control system Alternate residence Hostage system Conscription public works Domain rearrangement. Tokugawa’s Control Mechanisms Caste system: Samurai Artisans Farmers Merchants Burakumin Tokugawa’s Control Mechanisms Fixed Residences and Fixed occupations International Restrictions: Christianity in Japan? Tokugawa Success: 200 years of general peace Samurai culture and bushido dominant Unintended outcomes of Tokugawa Control Mechanisms Urban society Art Literature Entertainment Unintended outcomes of Tokugawa Control Mechanisms National Transportation network Unified Language Unified Culture Money Economy Farmer’s wealth Unintended outcomes of Tokugawa Control Mechanisms Daimyo impoverished Wealthy Merchants Daimyo and Samurai Relationship changes Samurai as Bureaucrats Warriors without war Decay and corruption at the center Tokugawa Meets the West Commodore Perry: 1853 Tokugawa Meets the West Shogun’s response Kanagawa Treaty: 1854 Harris Treaty: 1858 Open ports Extraterritoriality Tariffs Tokugawa Meets the West Young Samurai Reaction Choshu incident: 1863 Domestic Response Foreign Response Tokugawa Meets the West Choshu’s new resolution Satsuma and Choshu: Who, and why them?

Catherine the Great 1/5

The Ottomans (Must Watch for class 4/17)

PP Notes Imperialism

Imperialism
World Categories
Tropical Dependencies
For example?
White Dominions
For example?
Contested Settler Colonies
For example?
India
Using sepoys, the British gained power and land in India (18th century)
Defeating the French furthered British hold (Bengal 1757)
By the 19th century, India was Britain’s major colonial possession
Appointed statesmen were placed in charge


In 1857 part of the Indian army rebelled against the British
Africa and Asia


Polynesia

-Devastated population, culture, social structure, religion
-Had to eventually use the Europeans own systems (legal, political, educational) to prevent extinction


What happened to the native Americans, Aboriginals, Africans and Islanders?

Haiti
Mexico
Chile
Brazil
Argentina
Uncle Sam
What inspired an end?
American Revolution – model for colonial rebellion
French Revolution – revolutionary ideology
Slave rebellion – 1791 Haiti
France invaded Spain and Portugal
Results

PP Notes Imperialism

Imperialism
World Categories
Tropical Dependencies
For example?
White Dominions
For example?
Contested Settler Colonies
For example?
India
Using sepoys, the British gained power and land in India (18th century)
Defeating the French furthered British hold (Bengal 1757)
By the 19th century, India was Britain’s major colonial possession
Appointed statesmen were placed in charge


In 1857 part of the Indian army rebelled against the British
Africa and Asia


Polynesia

-Devastated population, culture, social structure, religion
-Had to eventually use the Europeans own systems (legal, political, educational) to prevent extinction


What happened to the native Americans, Aboriginals, Africans and Islanders?

Haiti
Mexico
Chile
Brazil
Argentina
Uncle Sam
What inspired an end?
American Revolution – model for colonial rebellion
French Revolution – revolutionary ideology
Slave rebellion – 1791 Haiti
France invaded Spain and Portugal
Results

PP Notes Islamic Empires

Ottoman Empire
Begun by Osman Bey in 1289
Osman and his followers above all sought to become ghazi
“the instrument of the religion of Allah, a servant of God who purifies the earth from the filth of polytheism; the Ghazi is the sword of God, he is the protector and the refuge of the believers. If he becomes a martyr in the ways of God, do not believe that he has died– he lives in beatitude with Allah, he has eternal life”
Ahmadi
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman’s location on the borders of the Byzantine Empire gave them ample opportunity for holy war
Mehmed II
Ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1451 to 1481
In 1453, he toppled the Byzantine Empire, capturing Constantinople, renaming it Istanbul, and making it the new Ottoman capital
Expanded the empire to become the ruler of “two lands” (Europe and Asia) and “two seas” (the Mediterranean and the Black)
Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II
Suleyman the Magnificent
Reigned from 1520 to 1566 and continued the expansion
Conquered Baghdad in 1534
Like the other Ottomans, Suleyman was a Sunni
Turkey
Turkey is about 97% Moslem and about 80% of these Moslems are Sunni
Iraq
Under Saddam Hussein, Iraq was 60-65% Shia and 32-37% Sunni but Sunnis dominated the government and economy
Safavid Empire
Founded by Shah Ismail in 1501 and lasted until 1722
Shah Ismail reigned to 1524 and proclaimed his realm’s official religion would be Shiism
Would impose Shiism by force if necessary over the formerly Sunni population
Seized control of the Iranian plateau and centered his empire around the capital of Istahan

Iran
Differences Between Shia and Sunni
Shiites
About 15% of all Muslims
Islam’s leader should be a descendant of Mohammad
Qualified religious leaders have the authority to interpret the sharia (Islamic law)
Sunnis
About 85% of all Muslims
Leaders should be chosen through ijma, or consensus
The sharia was codified and closed by the 10th century

Selim the Grim
The Sunni Ottomans under Selim the Grim (reigned 1512-1520) detested the Shiite Safavids and launched a full-scale invasion of Safavid territory
Battle of Chaldiran
The critical battle in this campaign was the battle of Chaldiran in 1514
The Ottomans won and temporarily occupied the Safavid capital of Tabriz but could not completely destroy the Safavid state
The Ottomans and Safavids continued to fight intermittingly for the next two centuries
Modern Iran
The US helped bring Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi to power in 1953
Iran’s Shia Moslems despised the Shah’s secular rule and western influence
In 1979 revolutionaries led by Ayatollah Khomeini seized power
Shia militants captured 69 US hostages at the US Embassy in Tehran, 55 of which remained captive until 1981
Alternatives in Iran
Revolution
US Hostages in Iran, 1980
Failed Rescue Attempt
Iraq
Saddam Hussein became president of Iraq in 1979
Sunnis held power
Iraq saw the revolution in Iran as an opportunity to invade
The Iran-Iraq War lasted from 1980 to 1988 and killed as many as one million soldiers

Iran-Iraq War
Saddam used poisonous gas against Iraqi Kurds who he considered sympathetic toward Iran

Back to the Ottomans….
By the late 17th Century the Ottoman expansion had reached its limits
The Ottomans had neglected military training and technological advances and fell behind the European armies in strategy, tactics, weapons, and training
They suffered a series of military defeats
Ottoman Decline
The loss of military power translated to declining effectiveness of the central government
By the early 19th Century, semi-independent governors and local notables became increasingly autonomous
Ottoman Decline
The Ottoman government maintained its authority in Anatolia and Iraq, but it lost territory elsewhere
Russia gained territory in the Caucasus and central Asia
Austria gained territory on the western frontier
After an unsuccessful invasion by the French, Egypt became an essentially autonomous region within the Ottoman Empire under the rule of Muhammad Ali
Ottoman Decline
In addition to military and territorial losses, the Ottomans suffered economically as merchants began to circumvent Ottoman intermediaries and trade directly with their counterparts in India and China
The Ottoman Empire had little to export and became heavily dependent on foreign loans
“Capitulation”– agreements exempting European visitors from Ottoman law and providing European powers the right to exercise jurisdiction over their own citizens in Ottoman territory– threatened Ottoman sovereignty
“The Sick Man of Europe”

“We have on our hands a sick man, a very sick man.”
Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, 1853
Mahmud II
Reigned from 1808 to 1839 and launched a reform program designed to restore the traditional Ottoman military
The elite and powerful Janissaries opposed the reforms, but Mahmud massacred them
He remodeled his institutions, especially his military, along European lines
European-style uniforms
European tactics and weaponry
European education
Other Reforms of Mahmud
Created a system of secondary education for boys to facilitate the transition from mosque schools to newly established scientific, technical, and military academies
Established European style ministries, built new roads and telegraph lines, and started a postal service
Transferred authority to the sultan from traditional elites by
Taxing rural landlords
Abolishing the system of military land grants
Undermining the ulama (the Islamic leadership)
Ottoman Empire under Mahmud II
The empire was smaller, but it was more consolidated and powerful than it had been since the early 17th Century
Tanzimat
The tempo of reform increased after Mahmud during the Tanzimat (“reorganization”) era from 1839-1876
Reformers drew inspiration from the Enlightenment thought and the constitutional foundations of western European states
Principal target was the army, but other reforms involved law and education
Tanzimat
The legal reforms were designed to make Ottoman law acceptable to Europeans so the Ottomans could have the capitulations lifted and recover sovereignty
Safeguarded the rights of subjects through guaranteed public trials, rights of privacy, and equality before the law
Educational reforms resulted in a complete system of primary, secondary, and university education under the supervision of the state ministry of education
Legal and educational reforms both undermined the ulama and there was opposition from religious conservatives and others

Abd al-Hamid II
An opposition group of radical dissidents from the Ottoman bureaucracy staged a coup in 1876 and installed Abd al-Hamid II as sultan
Abd al-Hamid imposed a despotic regime and generated much opposition
Young Turks
The Ottoman Society for Union and Progress (better known as the Young Turks) was founded in 1889 by exiled Ottomans
In 1908 they inspired an army coup and in 1909 they dethroned Abd al-Hamid and established a puppet sultan
Ottoman sultans would now reign but not rule
Agenda of the Young Turks
Universal suffrage
Equality before the law
Freedom of religion
Free public education
Secularization of the state
Emancipation of women
Still the Sick Man
The Young Turks sought to maintain Turkish hegemony within the larger Ottoman Empire which caused opposition from subject peoples outside the Anatolian heartland such as in Syria and Iraq
The Ottoman Empire was crumbling and survived principally because the European powers could not decide how to dispose of it without upsetting the European balance of power
World War I
In 1914, the Ottomans became aligned with the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary)
Successfully fended off the Allied landing at Gallipoli in 1915 and Mesopotamia in 1916, but then began retreating on all fronts
Mustafa Kemal emerged as a great war hero
World War I
Arabs, assisted by the British and T. E. Lawrence (“Lawrence of Arabia”), revolted against Turkish rule in Syria, Palestine, and Arabia
The Central Powers sued for peace in November 1918
Treaty of Sevres (1920) and Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
The Treaty of Sevres effectively dissolved the Ottoman Empire, calling for the surrender of Ottoman Balkan and Arab provinces and the occupation of eastern and southern Anatolia by foreign powers
Turks led by wartime hero Mustafa Kemal successfully resisted the occupation
The Republic of Turkey was officially recognized by the Treaty of Lausanne

Mustafa Kemal
Mustafa Kemal served as president of Turkey for 15 years until his death in 1938
Known as Ataturk or “Father Turk”
“Westernized” Turkey
Turkey under Ataturk
New ideology of Kemalism stressed
the republican form of government representing the power of the electorate,
secular administration,
nationalism,
mixed economy with state participation in many of the vital sectors,
the process of parliamentary and participatory democracy,
modernization.
Legacy of Ataturk
Turkey became the first Moslem nation to become a republic
Left Turkey with a divided identity — Europeanized but not quite European, alienated from the Islamic world but still a Muslim country
The Turkish military still sees itself as the guardian of Turkish independence, nationalism, and secularism
Turkey at the Crossroads
Next
Building of American States