Held for the purpose of bringing Nazi war criminals to justice, the Nuremberg trials were a series of 13 trials carried out in Nuremberg, Germany, between 1945 and 1949. The defendants, who included Nazi Party officials and high-ranking military officers along with German industrialists, lawyers and doctors, were indicted on such charges as crimes against peace and crimes against humanity. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) committed suicide and was never brought to trial. Although the legal justifications for the trials and their procedural innovations were controversial at the time, the Nuremberg trials are now regarded as a milestone toward the establishment of a permanent international court, and an important precedent for dealing with later instances of genocide and other crimes against humanity.
http://www.history.com/topics/nuremberg-trials
Panama Canal
Tuesday, June 19, 2012
PP Notes WWII and the Holocaust
Path to War
Hitler became Chancellor Jan 1930
Germany withdraws from League of Nations Oct 1933
Hitler announces German air force Mar 1935
Mussolini Invades Ethiopia Oct 1935
Hitler occupies Rhineland March 1936
Japan invades China 1937
Germany annexes Austria 1938
World War II
German, Italian and Japanese offensive maneuvers went unchecked
Western fears exaggerated ideological tension
Depression further compounded political tensions
1939
Blitzkrieg
Surprise attacks
Rapid advances
Massive air strikes
Use of all vehicles
Blitzkrieg: Holland 1940
Maginot Line
Concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, artillery casements and other defensive posts on the French/German boarder
Defense for France against German invasion
Established after World War I
It was of little use in 1940 when Germany invaded France for the third time
Early Axis Victories
In April 1940 the quiet time of the war exploded into action.
Hitler launched a series of blitzkrieg.
Norway and and Denmark both fell.
Germany had overrun the Netherlands and Belgium.
Germany along with Italy forced France to surrender.
France Falls
Miracle at Dunkirk
Germans invaded France May 1940.
Retreating Allied forces made it to Dunkirk
Allies trapped between the advancing Nazis and the English Channel
British sent every boat they could get across the English Channel to pick up troops off the beaches of Dunkirk
Miracle at Dunkirk - the retreating allies had lost hope, then the British rescued 338,000 men.
Armistice with France
June 1940
Franco-German Armistice: divided France into two zones
One zone under German occupation
Second zone under French control
By 1942 Germans occupied all of France
World War II
AXIS POWERS:
Germany
Japan
Italy
Battle of Normandy
Propaganda
The Holocaust
Experiments
High-altitude
Freezing
Seawater
Malaria
Mustard Gas
Sulfanilamide
Bone, Muscle, and Nerve Regeneration and Bone Transplantation
Epidemic Jaundice
Sterilization
Spotted Fever
Poison
Incendiary Bomb
Twins
Artificial insemination
Other medical experiments
Death Toll
50 million people died
20 million of them in the Soviet Union
17 million in battle
18 million civilians
78,000 in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
6 million in Nazi gas chambers
1 million Jews in the Einsatzgruppen
80,000 racially “unfit, mental and physical defects” by T-4
The War is Over!
Pearl Harbor, Dec 1941
Roosevelt died April 12, 1945
Harry Truman
Teheran, Yalta, and Potsdam
United Nations
Germany is divided
Russia gets Eastern Europe (annexed Poland)
Japan is reduced and put under U.S. influence
Colonial holdings reconfirmed
Repositioning of the West
Loss of population
End of colonial empires
Advanced weapons monopoly declines
Trade monopoly declines
Economic strengthening of non-Western nations
Technology made isolation impossible
Defining the 20th Century
WWI
The Great Depression
WWII
Resolution of the Cold War
Global population tripled
Hitler became Chancellor Jan 1930
Germany withdraws from League of Nations Oct 1933
Hitler announces German air force Mar 1935
Mussolini Invades Ethiopia Oct 1935
Hitler occupies Rhineland March 1936
Japan invades China 1937
Germany annexes Austria 1938
World War II
German, Italian and Japanese offensive maneuvers went unchecked
Western fears exaggerated ideological tension
Depression further compounded political tensions
1939
Blitzkrieg
Surprise attacks
Rapid advances
Massive air strikes
Use of all vehicles
Blitzkrieg: Holland 1940
Maginot Line
Concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, artillery casements and other defensive posts on the French/German boarder
Defense for France against German invasion
Established after World War I
It was of little use in 1940 when Germany invaded France for the third time
Early Axis Victories
In April 1940 the quiet time of the war exploded into action.
Hitler launched a series of blitzkrieg.
Norway and and Denmark both fell.
Germany had overrun the Netherlands and Belgium.
Germany along with Italy forced France to surrender.
France Falls
Miracle at Dunkirk
Germans invaded France May 1940.
Retreating Allied forces made it to Dunkirk
Allies trapped between the advancing Nazis and the English Channel
British sent every boat they could get across the English Channel to pick up troops off the beaches of Dunkirk
Miracle at Dunkirk - the retreating allies had lost hope, then the British rescued 338,000 men.
Armistice with France
June 1940
Franco-German Armistice: divided France into two zones
One zone under German occupation
Second zone under French control
By 1942 Germans occupied all of France
World War II
AXIS POWERS:
Germany
Japan
Italy
Battle of Normandy
Propaganda
The Holocaust
Experiments
High-altitude
Freezing
Seawater
Malaria
Mustard Gas
Sulfanilamide
Bone, Muscle, and Nerve Regeneration and Bone Transplantation
Epidemic Jaundice
Sterilization
Spotted Fever
Poison
Incendiary Bomb
Twins
Artificial insemination
Other medical experiments
Death Toll
50 million people died
20 million of them in the Soviet Union
17 million in battle
18 million civilians
78,000 in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
6 million in Nazi gas chambers
1 million Jews in the Einsatzgruppen
80,000 racially “unfit, mental and physical defects” by T-4
The War is Over!
Pearl Harbor, Dec 1941
Roosevelt died April 12, 1945
Harry Truman
Teheran, Yalta, and Potsdam
United Nations
Germany is divided
Russia gets Eastern Europe (annexed Poland)
Japan is reduced and put under U.S. influence
Colonial holdings reconfirmed
Repositioning of the West
Loss of population
End of colonial empires
Advanced weapons monopoly declines
Trade monopoly declines
Economic strengthening of non-Western nations
Technology made isolation impossible
Defining the 20th Century
WWI
The Great Depression
WWII
Resolution of the Cold War
Global population tripled
Midterm 3 (DUE start of class on Thrusday June 21st)
TYPE complete definitions for the following terms:
1. Allied Powers
2. Axis Powers
3. Blitzkrieg
4. Concentration Camp
5. D-Day
6. Embargo
7. Insurgent, Insurgents
8. Manhattan Project
9. Potsdam Conference
10. Third Reich
11. Yalta Conference
12. Fascism
13. Nazi-Soviet Pack
14. Manhattan Project
15. Operation Barbarossa
16. Miracle at Dunkirk
17. Hiroshima, Nagasaki
18. Joseph Stalin
19. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
20. Emperor Hirohito
21. Winston Churchill
22. Erwin Rommel
23. Joseph Mengele
24. Code talkers
25. Propaganda
26. Battle of Stalingrad
27. Pearl Harbor
28. Battle of Midway
29. Death Toll
30. Nazi medical experiments
31. Final Solution
32. Nuremberg Trials
33. Crimes Against Humanity
34. Atomic Bomb
35. Gas Chamber
MUST BE TYPED - no late work, no emailed work
Monday, June 11, 2012
PP Notes Latin America
Latin America
Forces of reaction and revolution
Economic challenges
Cultural and political identity
Industrialization
Global interests in its’ financial potential
Minimal involvement in WWII
Economy had grown
Cold War stimulated revolutionary idealists
U.S. disliked radicalism
By 1945 more nations would face authoritarian rule
Cuba
Improved: housing, education, health
Failed industrialization
Weakened economy
Involved in the Cold War
Long term problems with U.S.
Economic frustration after fall of USSR
Displacement internationally
Mexico
Party of Institutionalized Revolution
Maintained control and organization
Became very corrupt and practiced repression
Social tension and injustice
Economic failure
1990 Mexico joined NAFTA
2000 ended PRI rule
CHILE
Democracy
Longest running democracy
Economic crisis
Natural disasters
Large disparity in standard of living
Cuba’s example
Revolutionary groups
The CIA was authorized to spend U.S. $8 million to secure the overthrow of Allende; and given the black market price of dollars this was probably worth closer to $40 million. In addition, U.S. loans were cut off; the United States used its influence to block loans from the World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank: it tried to obstruct renegotiation of the Chilean debt; short-term credits from U.S. banks dried up; and the North American copper companies took legal action against Chile to block exports of copper to Europe [This was a reaction due to the appropriation of their mine sites in Chile]. There was, of course, substantial borrowing, particularly from other Latin American countries, and important financial aid was given by credits for long-term development, including a total of U.S. $500 million from the Soviet bloc, were nearly all unspent at the time of the coup. There may not have been a blockade by the United States, but there was a virtual boycott, and the effect on an economy so tied to the U.S. economic system could not but produce serious dislocation. (sic) (Bethell 167)
Move to capitalism
Shift in cultural identity
Purging of education, censorship, curfews, persecution of socialists, secret police (DINA), prison and torture
Absolute dictatorship until October 1989
Political Responses
Liberal democracy
One-party rule
Populist government
Populist nationals
Reformist nationalists
Military government
Communist government
Forces of reaction and revolution
Economic challenges
Cultural and political identity
Industrialization
Global interests in its’ financial potential
Minimal involvement in WWII
Economy had grown
Cold War stimulated revolutionary idealists
U.S. disliked radicalism
By 1945 more nations would face authoritarian rule
Cuba
Improved: housing, education, health
Failed industrialization
Weakened economy
Involved in the Cold War
Long term problems with U.S.
Economic frustration after fall of USSR
Displacement internationally
Mexico
Party of Institutionalized Revolution
Maintained control and organization
Became very corrupt and practiced repression
Social tension and injustice
Economic failure
1990 Mexico joined NAFTA
2000 ended PRI rule
CHILE
Democracy
Longest running democracy
Economic crisis
Natural disasters
Large disparity in standard of living
Cuba’s example
Revolutionary groups
The CIA was authorized to spend U.S. $8 million to secure the overthrow of Allende; and given the black market price of dollars this was probably worth closer to $40 million. In addition, U.S. loans were cut off; the United States used its influence to block loans from the World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank: it tried to obstruct renegotiation of the Chilean debt; short-term credits from U.S. banks dried up; and the North American copper companies took legal action against Chile to block exports of copper to Europe [This was a reaction due to the appropriation of their mine sites in Chile]. There was, of course, substantial borrowing, particularly from other Latin American countries, and important financial aid was given by credits for long-term development, including a total of U.S. $500 million from the Soviet bloc, were nearly all unspent at the time of the coup. There may not have been a blockade by the United States, but there was a virtual boycott, and the effect on an economy so tied to the U.S. economic system could not but produce serious dislocation. (sic) (Bethell 167)
Move to capitalism
Shift in cultural identity
Purging of education, censorship, curfews, persecution of socialists, secret police (DINA), prison and torture
Absolute dictatorship until October 1989
Political Responses
Liberal democracy
One-party rule
Populist government
Populist nationals
Reformist nationalists
Military government
Communist government
Brief History of China
A Brief History of China: Democracy or Communist Bureaucracy?
Published on: Jun, 07, 2008
by: Rob Handfield, SCRC
Just recently, the Wall Street Journal published an article stating the incredible growth in automotive component manufacturing in China, as well as other industries. Many people are mystified by the details of how to do business in China. In particular, many people ask me about the chances for reform, and what it means as growth continues to occur. Is China a democracy? What is the impact of communism? What do I need to know if I do business in China?
One of the important elements that any visiting executive should think about before going to China is an understanding of the political history that has led to the position of China today. One of my recently graduated MBA students, Hao Xie, educated me with a brief history lesson that I will share with you. Hao is now dutifully employed at Chevron, working on procurement best practices with the company’s CPO.
Before 1911, China was still characterized as a feudalistic economy run by the Qing authorities. Even by 1949, China was primarily an agricultural economy. However, colonial capitalism did have a long and significant impact in some coastal cities, Shanghai and Guangzhou in particular.
The general economic condition of the nation was terribly bad because of the World War II and continuous civil wars. A crucial reason why Jiang Jieshi did not defeat Mao Zedong was that the capitalist economy was just forming and the industrial power was still very weak in most parts of China.
From 1949 – 1978, China, for the first time, systematically built its industrial base and transformed itself from an agricultural economy to an industrial one. The period between 1949 and 1956 was recognized as the golden period of Chinese industrialization, as the country established its primary industries including steel, automobile, textile, chemical, and defense. The GDP grew at the rate of over 20% per year.
Because of over-optimism, Mao made his first huge mistake by summoning his nation to speed up the industrialization. This was the “Great Leap”, which resulted in the significant economic recession in 1958 and 1959 and also the disaster in early 1960s.
The economy recovered, however, under the leadership of Liu Shaoqi in the early 1960s. As Liu accumulated much power in the communist party, Mao felt a threat from him and made his second huge mistake by starting the famous “Cultural Revolution” to suppress Liu and his followers, including Deng Xiaoping.
Nevertheless, it was during this period when China as a nation, rather than in a few cities, started its industrialization, though a lot of ups and downs. China created its college system and built hundreds of national labs throughout the country, and developed its most advanced technology under Mao’s dictation, such as nuclear weapons, satellites and rocket science, and super computers. Under his dictation, the most talented Chinese students chose science and engineering majors instead of law or economics, which Mao saw as trouble-making majors. This, maybe unintentionally, prepared today’s China with many talented scientists and engineers, many of whom became the technocrats in the government.
If Mao was the person who led the Chinese to the entrance of the industrial highway, Deng was the one who led the Chinese to drive on the highway. During this period, China has grown at a rate of over 10% per year. It is a common mistake that many Americans believe the rapid growth in China only happened in recent years. Jiang basically continued Deng’s philosophy, and harvested the fruits of the economic reform started by his predecessors.
During this period, China started to migrate from the economy of import-substituting to export-led. Jiang, originally from the Shanghai area, also did a lot of favors to his home city, and helped it overshadow the rapid development of Guangdong Province, where Deng first tested his pro-capitalism economic policy and has been open to the West since 1979.
Like Japan and the US, the power of China was not built overnight, but was a cumulative growth over the past 50 years. Though China has experienced rapid economic growth for over 25 years, most western countries paid attention to it only after its entry into WTO and the hosting of the 2008 Olympics.
Further, the CIA World Fact Book confirms the impact of these changes on the economy and its growth. Specifically, they note that:
The restructuring of the economy and resulting efficiency gains have contributed to a more than tenfold increase in GDP since 1978. Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis, China in 2005 stood as the second-largest economy in the world after the US, although in per capita terms the country is still lower middle-income and 150 million Chinese fall below international poverty lines.
Economic development has generally been more rapid in coastal provinces than in the interior, and there are large disparities in per capita income between regions. The government has struggled to: (a) sustain adequate job growth for tens of millions of workers laid off from state-owned enterprises, migrants, and new entrants to the work force; (b) reduce corruption and other economic crimes; and © contain environmental damage and social strife related to the economy’s rapid transformation.
From 100 to 150 million surplus rural workers are adrift between the villages and the cities, many subsisting through part-time, low-paying jobs. One demographic consequence of the “one child” policy is that China is now one of the most rapidly aging countries in the world.
Another long-term threat to growth is the deterioration in the environment – notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table, especially in the north. China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and economic development. China has benefited from a huge expansion in computer Internet use, with more than 100 million users at the end of 2005. Foreign investment remains a strong element in China’s remarkable expansion in world trade and has been an important factor in the growth of urban jobs.
In July 2005, China revalued its currency by 2.1% against the US dollar and moved to an exchange rate system that references a basket of currencies. Reports of shortages of electric power in the summer of 2005 in southern China receded by September-October and did not have a substantial impact on China’s economy. More power generating capacity is scheduled to come on line in 2006 as large scale investments are completed. Thirteen years in construction at a cost of $24 billion, the immense Three Gorges Dam across the Yangtze River will be essentially completed in 2006 and will revolutionize electrification and flood control in the area.
The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in October 2005 approved the draft 11th Five-Year Plan and the National People’s Congress is expected to give final approval in March 2006. The plan calls for a 20% reduction in energy consumption per unit of GDP by 2010 and an estimated 45% increase in GDP by 2010. The plan states that conserving resources and protecting the environment are basic goals, but it lacks details on the policies and reforms necessary to achieve these goals.
Whew! That was a very brief lesson, but enough to help you understand the diverse set of political and economic forces at work.
Published on: Jun, 07, 2008
by: Rob Handfield, SCRC
Just recently, the Wall Street Journal published an article stating the incredible growth in automotive component manufacturing in China, as well as other industries. Many people are mystified by the details of how to do business in China. In particular, many people ask me about the chances for reform, and what it means as growth continues to occur. Is China a democracy? What is the impact of communism? What do I need to know if I do business in China?
One of the important elements that any visiting executive should think about before going to China is an understanding of the political history that has led to the position of China today. One of my recently graduated MBA students, Hao Xie, educated me with a brief history lesson that I will share with you. Hao is now dutifully employed at Chevron, working on procurement best practices with the company’s CPO.
Before 1911, China was still characterized as a feudalistic economy run by the Qing authorities. Even by 1949, China was primarily an agricultural economy. However, colonial capitalism did have a long and significant impact in some coastal cities, Shanghai and Guangzhou in particular.
The general economic condition of the nation was terribly bad because of the World War II and continuous civil wars. A crucial reason why Jiang Jieshi did not defeat Mao Zedong was that the capitalist economy was just forming and the industrial power was still very weak in most parts of China.
From 1949 – 1978, China, for the first time, systematically built its industrial base and transformed itself from an agricultural economy to an industrial one. The period between 1949 and 1956 was recognized as the golden period of Chinese industrialization, as the country established its primary industries including steel, automobile, textile, chemical, and defense. The GDP grew at the rate of over 20% per year.
Because of over-optimism, Mao made his first huge mistake by summoning his nation to speed up the industrialization. This was the “Great Leap”, which resulted in the significant economic recession in 1958 and 1959 and also the disaster in early 1960s.
The economy recovered, however, under the leadership of Liu Shaoqi in the early 1960s. As Liu accumulated much power in the communist party, Mao felt a threat from him and made his second huge mistake by starting the famous “Cultural Revolution” to suppress Liu and his followers, including Deng Xiaoping.
Nevertheless, it was during this period when China as a nation, rather than in a few cities, started its industrialization, though a lot of ups and downs. China created its college system and built hundreds of national labs throughout the country, and developed its most advanced technology under Mao’s dictation, such as nuclear weapons, satellites and rocket science, and super computers. Under his dictation, the most talented Chinese students chose science and engineering majors instead of law or economics, which Mao saw as trouble-making majors. This, maybe unintentionally, prepared today’s China with many talented scientists and engineers, many of whom became the technocrats in the government.
If Mao was the person who led the Chinese to the entrance of the industrial highway, Deng was the one who led the Chinese to drive on the highway. During this period, China has grown at a rate of over 10% per year. It is a common mistake that many Americans believe the rapid growth in China only happened in recent years. Jiang basically continued Deng’s philosophy, and harvested the fruits of the economic reform started by his predecessors.
During this period, China started to migrate from the economy of import-substituting to export-led. Jiang, originally from the Shanghai area, also did a lot of favors to his home city, and helped it overshadow the rapid development of Guangdong Province, where Deng first tested his pro-capitalism economic policy and has been open to the West since 1979.
Like Japan and the US, the power of China was not built overnight, but was a cumulative growth over the past 50 years. Though China has experienced rapid economic growth for over 25 years, most western countries paid attention to it only after its entry into WTO and the hosting of the 2008 Olympics.
Further, the CIA World Fact Book confirms the impact of these changes on the economy and its growth. Specifically, they note that:
The restructuring of the economy and resulting efficiency gains have contributed to a more than tenfold increase in GDP since 1978. Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis, China in 2005 stood as the second-largest economy in the world after the US, although in per capita terms the country is still lower middle-income and 150 million Chinese fall below international poverty lines.
Economic development has generally been more rapid in coastal provinces than in the interior, and there are large disparities in per capita income between regions. The government has struggled to: (a) sustain adequate job growth for tens of millions of workers laid off from state-owned enterprises, migrants, and new entrants to the work force; (b) reduce corruption and other economic crimes; and © contain environmental damage and social strife related to the economy’s rapid transformation.
From 100 to 150 million surplus rural workers are adrift between the villages and the cities, many subsisting through part-time, low-paying jobs. One demographic consequence of the “one child” policy is that China is now one of the most rapidly aging countries in the world.
Another long-term threat to growth is the deterioration in the environment – notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table, especially in the north. China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and economic development. China has benefited from a huge expansion in computer Internet use, with more than 100 million users at the end of 2005. Foreign investment remains a strong element in China’s remarkable expansion in world trade and has been an important factor in the growth of urban jobs.
In July 2005, China revalued its currency by 2.1% against the US dollar and moved to an exchange rate system that references a basket of currencies. Reports of shortages of electric power in the summer of 2005 in southern China receded by September-October and did not have a substantial impact on China’s economy. More power generating capacity is scheduled to come on line in 2006 as large scale investments are completed. Thirteen years in construction at a cost of $24 billion, the immense Three Gorges Dam across the Yangtze River will be essentially completed in 2006 and will revolutionize electrification and flood control in the area.
The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in October 2005 approved the draft 11th Five-Year Plan and the National People’s Congress is expected to give final approval in March 2006. The plan calls for a 20% reduction in energy consumption per unit of GDP by 2010 and an estimated 45% increase in GDP by 2010. The plan states that conserving resources and protecting the environment are basic goals, but it lacks details on the policies and reforms necessary to achieve these goals.
Whew! That was a very brief lesson, but enough to help you understand the diverse set of political and economic forces at work.
PP Notes Panama Canal
The Panama Canal
1914 The first ship to pass through the canal (SS Ancon)
In 1869, Suez Canal was completed: this is where the idea for the Panama Canal began
1881 Ferdinand de Lesseps starts work on the Canal
1884 French have over 19,000 working on the Canal project
1881-1889 Disease runs rampant: Malaria, Yellow Fever and Typhoid (death toll: 22,000)
1889 de Lesseps’ can no longer manage the financial aspects of the project and he declares bankrupcy
1894 New French Company attempts to restart the venture, but is unsuccessful (retain ownership)
1898 Americans send battleship Oregon around South America to aid attack against Cuba in Spanish American War (thus an understanding of the importance of a canal project)
1902 Roosevelt Administration decides to make a trans-oceanic canal a national priority
1903 “Panamanians” (very minor group, encouraged by International Interests) revolt from Columbia and declare independence; US maintains rights to Canal
1904 John F. Wallace named first American Chief Engineer
1905 John F. Stevens succeeds Wallace and introduces plans for a LOCK system with Gatun Lake included in pathway
1906 Army Engineer COL George W. Goethals succeeds Stevens and essentially completes his plan, overcoming enormous health and landslide problems
August 1914 the first vessel transits the new Panama Canal, just as World War I erupts
Life for Workers
Streets and areas were without sewage and water. This is an example of a street before American occupation and then after.
Workers were shipped in from all over the world. Housing and food was provided with wages (but weren’t very high)
Quarantine for a Yellow Fever victim
Fighting Mosquitoes (Disease)
The canal could not be completed until sanitation problems were solved (Dr. William Gorgas took upon himself the cause of discovering and then fighting the transfer of disease.)
The Big Cut at Culebra
One of the largest and most difficult incisions was along the Continental Divide near Culebra, where they had to cut through volcanic rock
Culebra Cut had numerous landslides, requiring more than 5 times the original excavation.
Engineering challenges and solutions that had never been done before in every aspect of the Canal’s development
The impossible was tried: mechanically, financially, medically, and geographically
To handle the millions of tons of stone, sand, and cement required for building the locks, ingenious machinery has been installed which automatically selects the right proportions of stone, sand, and cement and mixes the material. The piles in the foreground in the above picture are sand; the darker piles on the further side of the railway track are stone. Grab-buckets shoot down from the arms of the crane, bite into the piles, shoot back to the crane, and feed their loads into the mixer, where cement has been already delivered in bags or barrels.)
1914 The first ship to pass through the canal (SS Ancon)
In 1869, Suez Canal was completed: this is where the idea for the Panama Canal began
1881 Ferdinand de Lesseps starts work on the Canal
1884 French have over 19,000 working on the Canal project
1881-1889 Disease runs rampant: Malaria, Yellow Fever and Typhoid (death toll: 22,000)
1889 de Lesseps’ can no longer manage the financial aspects of the project and he declares bankrupcy
1894 New French Company attempts to restart the venture, but is unsuccessful (retain ownership)
1898 Americans send battleship Oregon around South America to aid attack against Cuba in Spanish American War (thus an understanding of the importance of a canal project)
1902 Roosevelt Administration decides to make a trans-oceanic canal a national priority
1903 “Panamanians” (very minor group, encouraged by International Interests) revolt from Columbia and declare independence; US maintains rights to Canal
1904 John F. Wallace named first American Chief Engineer
1905 John F. Stevens succeeds Wallace and introduces plans for a LOCK system with Gatun Lake included in pathway
1906 Army Engineer COL George W. Goethals succeeds Stevens and essentially completes his plan, overcoming enormous health and landslide problems
August 1914 the first vessel transits the new Panama Canal, just as World War I erupts
Life for Workers
Streets and areas were without sewage and water. This is an example of a street before American occupation and then after.
Workers were shipped in from all over the world. Housing and food was provided with wages (but weren’t very high)
Quarantine for a Yellow Fever victim
Fighting Mosquitoes (Disease)
The canal could not be completed until sanitation problems were solved (Dr. William Gorgas took upon himself the cause of discovering and then fighting the transfer of disease.)
The Big Cut at Culebra
One of the largest and most difficult incisions was along the Continental Divide near Culebra, where they had to cut through volcanic rock
Culebra Cut had numerous landslides, requiring more than 5 times the original excavation.
Engineering challenges and solutions that had never been done before in every aspect of the Canal’s development
The impossible was tried: mechanically, financially, medically, and geographically
To handle the millions of tons of stone, sand, and cement required for building the locks, ingenious machinery has been installed which automatically selects the right proportions of stone, sand, and cement and mixes the material. The piles in the foreground in the above picture are sand; the darker piles on the further side of the railway track are stone. Grab-buckets shoot down from the arms of the crane, bite into the piles, shoot back to the crane, and feed their loads into the mixer, where cement has been already delivered in bags or barrels.)
PP Notes Mao
China under Mao Zedong 1949 - 1976
Outline
GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949)
Recovery and Socialism (1949-1956)
Rethinking the Soviet model (1956-1957)
Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)
Recovery & growing elite division (1962-5)
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
Anti-Japanese War (1937-1945)
Civil War (1946 – 1949)
GMD: Guomindang (Nationalist Party)
Chiang Kai-shek (President)
CCP: Chinese Communist Party
Mao Zedong
“War of Liberation”
Mao Zedong
A revolution to remove “3 big mountains”
imperialism
feudalism
bureaucrat-capitalism
A “United Front” of …
workers
peasants
petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie
People’s Republic of China
1949-10-01, PRC, Beijing
Chairman: Mao Zedong
5-Star Red Flag
Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan
Economic Reconstruction 1950s
Soviet Union model and assistance
land reform (eliminate landlord class)
heavy industry (state-owned enterprises)
First National People’s Congress (1954)
PRC Constitution
Zhou Enlai
Premier
Foreign Minister
Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)
abandon the Soviet model of economic development
Soviet “scientific planning”
mass mobilization
people’s communes
Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)
unrealistic output targets
industry
agricultural and human disaster
Growing Division (1962-1965)
Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping
charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracy
Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
commitment to revolution and “class struggle”
power struggle to succeed Mao
Phase I: the rise and fall of “red guards”
Phase II: the rise and fall of Lin Biao
Phase III: the rise and fall of the “Gang of Four”
Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)
Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)
Purge of party cadres
Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping
Purge of intellectuals
Phase II: Lin Biao (1969-71)
the putative successor to Mao Zedong
the cult of personality around Mao
In 1971 Lin allegedly tried but failed
to assassinate Mao
to flee to Soviet Union (“9.13”)
“9.13” eroded the credibility
of the entire leadership
of the Cultural Revolution
Phase III: the “Gang of Four”
1972 – 1976
power struggle between
the radical “Gang of Four”, led by Jiang Qing, Mao’s wife
the “moderates”, led by Premier Zhou Enlai
the fate of Deng Xiaoping
Diplomatic Breakthrough
1971, PRC became the representative of China in UN (replaced ROC)
Diplomatic Breakthrough
1972, President Nixon visited Beijing
Mao and Zhou Died in 1976
Turning point in China’s postwar era
“Gang of Four” were arrested
End of the Cultural Revolution
Mao’s legacies
Reforms and Opening up
The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP Central Committee in 1978
Deng Xiaoping’s ascendancy
economic modernization became focus
US-PRC diplomatic relations in 1979
Outline
GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949)
Recovery and Socialism (1949-1956)
Rethinking the Soviet model (1956-1957)
Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)
Recovery & growing elite division (1962-5)
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
Anti-Japanese War (1937-1945)
Civil War (1946 – 1949)
GMD: Guomindang (Nationalist Party)
Chiang Kai-shek (President)
CCP: Chinese Communist Party
Mao Zedong
“War of Liberation”
Mao Zedong
A revolution to remove “3 big mountains”
imperialism
feudalism
bureaucrat-capitalism
A “United Front” of …
workers
peasants
petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie
People’s Republic of China
1949-10-01, PRC, Beijing
Chairman: Mao Zedong
5-Star Red Flag
Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan
Economic Reconstruction 1950s
Soviet Union model and assistance
land reform (eliminate landlord class)
heavy industry (state-owned enterprises)
First National People’s Congress (1954)
PRC Constitution
Zhou Enlai
Premier
Foreign Minister
Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)
abandon the Soviet model of economic development
Soviet “scientific planning”
mass mobilization
people’s communes
Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)
unrealistic output targets
industry
agricultural and human disaster
Growing Division (1962-1965)
Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping
charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracy
Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
commitment to revolution and “class struggle”
power struggle to succeed Mao
Phase I: the rise and fall of “red guards”
Phase II: the rise and fall of Lin Biao
Phase III: the rise and fall of the “Gang of Four”
Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)
Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)
Purge of party cadres
Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping
Purge of intellectuals
Phase II: Lin Biao (1969-71)
the putative successor to Mao Zedong
the cult of personality around Mao
In 1971 Lin allegedly tried but failed
to assassinate Mao
to flee to Soviet Union (“9.13”)
“9.13” eroded the credibility
of the entire leadership
of the Cultural Revolution
Phase III: the “Gang of Four”
1972 – 1976
power struggle between
the radical “Gang of Four”, led by Jiang Qing, Mao’s wife
the “moderates”, led by Premier Zhou Enlai
the fate of Deng Xiaoping
Diplomatic Breakthrough
1971, PRC became the representative of China in UN (replaced ROC)
Diplomatic Breakthrough
1972, President Nixon visited Beijing
Mao and Zhou Died in 1976
Turning point in China’s postwar era
“Gang of Four” were arrested
End of the Cultural Revolution
Mao’s legacies
Reforms and Opening up
The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP Central Committee in 1978
Deng Xiaoping’s ascendancy
economic modernization became focus
US-PRC diplomatic relations in 1979
PP Notes USSR
Stalin
Born in Georgia in 1879
Learned Russian at school
Attended a seminary
Became a professional revolutionary and would spend years in Siberia
In 1924 was promoted after Lenin’s death
Dictatorship: strengthened military, poor conditions for the masses, Great Terror of 1930s, Gulags
Negotiated agreements with Germany during WWII
Supply lines went directly into Germany
Secretly cultivated an understanding with the West
Hitler’s attack in June 1941
Soviet Union
Eisenhower and Khrushchev
1970 elected to the USSR Supreme Soviet
Change foreign policy regarding nuclear arms
Negotiated nuclear free zone (s) with President Ronald Reagan of the U.S.
Feb 7, 1990 ended 72 years of communist rule
1990-91 President of the USSR
1991 Fall of Communism and the Soviet State
The Fall of Communism
Economy deteriorated
Poor living conditions, frustrated population
Government control of church
High rates of alcoholism and crime
Women lacked equality
Ethnic strife, poor medical care, rigid education
Pressure from hard-line communists, free market supporters, nationalists and secessionists
Born in Georgia in 1879
Learned Russian at school
Attended a seminary
Became a professional revolutionary and would spend years in Siberia
In 1924 was promoted after Lenin’s death
Dictatorship: strengthened military, poor conditions for the masses, Great Terror of 1930s, Gulags
Negotiated agreements with Germany during WWII
Supply lines went directly into Germany
Secretly cultivated an understanding with the West
Hitler’s attack in June 1941
Soviet Union
Eisenhower and Khrushchev
1970 elected to the USSR Supreme Soviet
Change foreign policy regarding nuclear arms
Negotiated nuclear free zone (s) with President Ronald Reagan of the U.S.
Feb 7, 1990 ended 72 years of communist rule
1990-91 President of the USSR
1991 Fall of Communism and the Soviet State
The Fall of Communism
Economy deteriorated
Poor living conditions, frustrated population
Government control of church
High rates of alcoholism and crime
Women lacked equality
Ethnic strife, poor medical care, rigid education
Pressure from hard-line communists, free market supporters, nationalists and secessionists
PP Notes FDR New Deal
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal
Redefined Democracy:
Political Rights Economic Security Social Justice
Causes of the Great Depression
Agricultural overproduction
Industrial overproduction
Unequal distribution of wealth
Over-extension of credit
International economic situation
How Herbert Hoover Dealt with the Crisis
He played the game of confidence economics and just kept saying: “Prosperity is right around the corner.”
Voluntary Measures
Hoover eventually established two privately-funded organizations:
The National Credit Association provided $1/2 billion to businesses for emergency loans, but it was too under-funded to do much good.
The Organization for Unemployment Relief was a clearing house for relief agencies. However, state and local governments were already in too much debt to benefit from it.
Limited Government Intervention
In the end, Hoover resorted to government intervention:
The Reconstruction Finance Corp gave $1-1/2 billion in federal loans to banks, insurance companies, and industry to prevent bankruptcies, but it was too little, too late.
The Home Loan Bank Act provided federal loans to homeowners to prevent foreclosures, but got bogged down in red tape.
Reasons for Ineffectiveness
Hoover thought business should be self-regulating.
He had a mania for a balanced budget.
He lacked political finesse.
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Appeal
In 1932 presidential election, FDR was perceived as a man of action.
Hoover was viewed as a “do-nothing president.”
Norman Thomas, the Socialist candidate, was viewed as a radical.
Results: a landslide for Democrats and a mandate to use government as an agency for human welfare.
Situation When FDR Entered Office
In March 1933, the country was virtually leaderless and the banking system had collapsed.
FDR Restored Confidence
In his inaugural address, he said “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself….”
He promised vigorous leadership and bold action, called for discipline and cooperation, expressed his faith in democracy, and asked for divine protection and guidance.
FDR’s Personal Qualities
He was a practical politician who practiced the art of the possible.
He was a charismatic person who exhibited a warmth and understanding of people.
He knew how to handle press by focusing attention on Washington.
He provided dynamic leadership in a time of crisis.
He was willing to experiment
Purposes of the New Deal
Relief: to provide jobs for the unemployed and to protect farmers from foreclosure
Recovery: to get the economy back into high gear, “priming the pump”
Reform: To regulate banks, to abolish child labor, and to conserve farm lands
Overall objective: to save capitalism
Sources of New Deal Ideas
Brains Trust: specialists and experts, mostly college professors, idea men
New Economists: government spending, deficit spending and public works, government should prime economic pump
Roosevelt Cabinet: included conservatives, liberals, Democrats, Republicans, inflationists, anti-inflationists -- often conflicting, compromising, blending ideas
First New Deal (1933-1934)
Emphasis: reform
Political Position: conservative
Primary aim: economic recovery
Philosophy: economic nationalism and economic scarcity (i.e., raise prices by creating the illusion of scarcity)
Objectives: higher prices for agriculture and business
Beneficiaries: big business and agricultural business
National Recovery Act (NRA)
Purpose: recovery of industry
Created a partnership of business, labor, and government to attack the depression with such measures as price controls, high wages, and codes of fair competition
First Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
Purpose: the recovery of agriculture
Paid farmers who agreed to reduce production of basic crops such as cotton, wheat, tobacco, hogs, and corn
Money came from a tax on processors such as flour millers and meat packers who passed the cost on to the consumer
Federal Emergency Relief Admin (FERA)
Purpose: relief
Gave money to states and municipalities so they could distribute money, clothing, and food to the unemployed
Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC)
Purpose: relief
Gave outdoor work to unemployed men between the ages of 17 and 29
They received $30 per month, but $22 went back to the family
Second New Deal (1934-1941)
Emphasis: reform
Political Position: liberal
Primary aim: permanent reform
Philosophy: international economic cooperation and economic abundance
Objectives: increased purchasing power and social security for public
Beneficiaries: small farmers and labor
Social Security Act
Purpose: reform
Gave money to states for aid to dependent children, established unemployment insurance through payroll deduction, set up old-age pensions for retirees.
National Labor Relations Act
Purpose: reform
Put restraints on employers and set up a National Labor Relations Board to protect the rights of organized labor to bargain collectively with employers.
Second Agricultural Adjustment Act
Purpose: recovery for agriculture
Paid farmers for conservation practices, but only if they restricted production of staple crops.
U.S. Housing Authority
Purpose: recovery and reform
Used federal funds to tear down slums and construct better housing.
The New Deal on Trial
By 1935, political disunity was evident. There were critics on the right and the left.
Criticisms of Conservative Opponents
Conservative opponents said the New Deal went too far:
It was socialism (killed individualism)
It added to the national debt ($35 billion)
It wasted money on relief and encouraged idleness
It violated the constitution & states rights
It increased the power of the Presidency (FDR was reaching toward dictatorship, Congress a rubber stamp, independence of judiciary threatened, separation of powers shattered)
Anti-New Deal Organization
Conservative opponents to the New Deal had an organization called the American Liberty League. They had money but were small in numbers, so FDR was not worried.
Criticisms of Radical Opponents
Radical opponents said the New Deal did not go far enough. They were demagogues (rabble-rousers) and had popular followings, so FDR was concerned.
Senator Huey Long (LA)
Senator Huey Long said New Deal relief measures were mere crumbs and advocated a share the wealth plan (i.e., a guaranteed annual income of at least $5,000 for every American, financed by confiscating wealth of people who made over $5 million per year).
Father Charles E. Coughlin
Father Charles Coughlin was a rabble-rousing radio priest from Detroit. His broadcasts were called the “Golden Hour of the Little Flower.” He claimed there was an international bankers conspiracy and Jews were responsible. He advocated nationalization of banking and currency and national resources and demanded a “living wage.”
Dr. Francis E. Townsend
Dr. Francis E. Townsend was an elderly physician from CA. He had a plan for the federal government to pay $200 per month to unemployed people over 60. The program would be financed by a 2% national sales tax and each pensioner would be required to spend the money in 30 days. This would stimulate the economy.
Moderate Legislation
FDR sponsored moderate legislation to silence radical opposition:
Revenue Act of 1935 – Response to Huey Long. Increased taxes on large incomes and corporations.
Banking Act of 1935 – Response to Coughlin. Extended federal control over private banking practices.
Social Security Act of 1935 Response to Townsend. Included provisions for unemployables (dependent children, the disabled, blind), unemployment insurance, and old-age pensions.
The Election of 1936
The Election of 1936:
Made the Democratic party the majority party
Created a new Democratic coalition composed of both traditional elements and new elements
Showed that the American people rejected radical solutions to depression
The Election of 1936
The Roosevelt Coalition
While Republicans were still relying on their traditional base of political support (big business, big farmers, and conservatives), Democrats broadened their constituency by appealing to small farmers in the Midwest, urban political bosses, ethnic blue collar workers, Jews, intellectuals, and African Americans.
Protection of New Deal Accomplishments
Steps FDR took to protect New Deal accomplishments (both failed):
Court-Packing Plan (proposed increasing Supreme Court from 9 to 15 members, caused in revolt in Dem. Party)
Purge of the Democratic Party in the Election of 1938 (came out strongly in favor of liberal Dem. Candidates, evidence that he interfered in a state campaign, Republicans gained strength in both houses of Congress)
Decline of New Deal Reform after 1937
Reasons for decline of New Deal reform after 1937:
Court-packing plan made Congress irritable.
Recession of 1937-38 weakened confidence in New Deal measures. Republicans gained strength in both houses.
Attempted purge of Democratic party failed.
Conservative Democrats were elected to office. Resentful of attempted party purge, they joined ranks with Republicans to block New Deal legislation.
Increasing focus on foreign affairs.
The Significance of the New Deal
Physical Rehabilitation of Country
Attacked soil erosion
Built dams and planted trees to prevent floods
Reclaimed the grasslands of the Great Plains
Developed water power resources
Encouraged regional reconstruction projects like the TVA and Columbia River project
Human Rehabilitation
Established the principle that government has responsibility for the health, welfare, and security, as well as the protection and education of its citizens
Embraced social security, public health, housing
Entered the domain of agriculture and labor
Revitalization of Politics
Strengthened executive branch
Reasserted presidential leadership
Revitalized political party as a vehicle for the popular will and as an instrument for effective action.
Extension of Democracy
Redefined the concept of democracy so that it included not only political rights but economic security and social justice as well.
Maintenance of a Democratic System
The New Deal maintained a democratic system of government and society in a world threatened by totalitarianism.
Increased size and scope of government to meet needs of the depression
Provided the leadership that enabled Congress to put through the necessary relief, recovery, and reform measures.
Sponsored moderate legislation to neutralize the popularity of radical opponents
Government Expenditures
The total cost of the current bailout now exceeds $4.6 trillion dollars. It has cost more than all of these government expenditures combined. Figures in parentheses have been adjusted for inflation:
Marshall Plan: Cost: $12.7 billion ($115.3 billion)
Louisiana Purchase: Cost: $15 million ($217 billion)
Race to the Moon: Cost: $36.4 billion ($237 billion)
S&L Crisis: Cost: $153 billion ($256 billion)
Korean War: Cost: $54 billion ($454 billion)
The New Deal: Cost: $32 billion est.($500 billion est.)
Invasion of Iraq: Cost: $551billion ($597 billion)
Vietnam War: Cost: $111 billion ($698 billion)
NASA: Cost: $416.7 billion ($851.2 billion)
TOTAL: $3.92 trillion
Redefined Democracy:
Political Rights Economic Security Social Justice
Causes of the Great Depression
Agricultural overproduction
Industrial overproduction
Unequal distribution of wealth
Over-extension of credit
International economic situation
How Herbert Hoover Dealt with the Crisis
He played the game of confidence economics and just kept saying: “Prosperity is right around the corner.”
Voluntary Measures
Hoover eventually established two privately-funded organizations:
The National Credit Association provided $1/2 billion to businesses for emergency loans, but it was too under-funded to do much good.
The Organization for Unemployment Relief was a clearing house for relief agencies. However, state and local governments were already in too much debt to benefit from it.
Limited Government Intervention
In the end, Hoover resorted to government intervention:
The Reconstruction Finance Corp gave $1-1/2 billion in federal loans to banks, insurance companies, and industry to prevent bankruptcies, but it was too little, too late.
The Home Loan Bank Act provided federal loans to homeowners to prevent foreclosures, but got bogged down in red tape.
Reasons for Ineffectiveness
Hoover thought business should be self-regulating.
He had a mania for a balanced budget.
He lacked political finesse.
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Appeal
In 1932 presidential election, FDR was perceived as a man of action.
Hoover was viewed as a “do-nothing president.”
Norman Thomas, the Socialist candidate, was viewed as a radical.
Results: a landslide for Democrats and a mandate to use government as an agency for human welfare.
Situation When FDR Entered Office
In March 1933, the country was virtually leaderless and the banking system had collapsed.
FDR Restored Confidence
In his inaugural address, he said “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself….”
He promised vigorous leadership and bold action, called for discipline and cooperation, expressed his faith in democracy, and asked for divine protection and guidance.
FDR’s Personal Qualities
He was a practical politician who practiced the art of the possible.
He was a charismatic person who exhibited a warmth and understanding of people.
He knew how to handle press by focusing attention on Washington.
He provided dynamic leadership in a time of crisis.
He was willing to experiment
Purposes of the New Deal
Relief: to provide jobs for the unemployed and to protect farmers from foreclosure
Recovery: to get the economy back into high gear, “priming the pump”
Reform: To regulate banks, to abolish child labor, and to conserve farm lands
Overall objective: to save capitalism
Sources of New Deal Ideas
Brains Trust: specialists and experts, mostly college professors, idea men
New Economists: government spending, deficit spending and public works, government should prime economic pump
Roosevelt Cabinet: included conservatives, liberals, Democrats, Republicans, inflationists, anti-inflationists -- often conflicting, compromising, blending ideas
First New Deal (1933-1934)
Emphasis: reform
Political Position: conservative
Primary aim: economic recovery
Philosophy: economic nationalism and economic scarcity (i.e., raise prices by creating the illusion of scarcity)
Objectives: higher prices for agriculture and business
Beneficiaries: big business and agricultural business
National Recovery Act (NRA)
Purpose: recovery of industry
Created a partnership of business, labor, and government to attack the depression with such measures as price controls, high wages, and codes of fair competition
First Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
Purpose: the recovery of agriculture
Paid farmers who agreed to reduce production of basic crops such as cotton, wheat, tobacco, hogs, and corn
Money came from a tax on processors such as flour millers and meat packers who passed the cost on to the consumer
Federal Emergency Relief Admin (FERA)
Purpose: relief
Gave money to states and municipalities so they could distribute money, clothing, and food to the unemployed
Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC)
Purpose: relief
Gave outdoor work to unemployed men between the ages of 17 and 29
They received $30 per month, but $22 went back to the family
Second New Deal (1934-1941)
Emphasis: reform
Political Position: liberal
Primary aim: permanent reform
Philosophy: international economic cooperation and economic abundance
Objectives: increased purchasing power and social security for public
Beneficiaries: small farmers and labor
Social Security Act
Purpose: reform
Gave money to states for aid to dependent children, established unemployment insurance through payroll deduction, set up old-age pensions for retirees.
National Labor Relations Act
Purpose: reform
Put restraints on employers and set up a National Labor Relations Board to protect the rights of organized labor to bargain collectively with employers.
Second Agricultural Adjustment Act
Purpose: recovery for agriculture
Paid farmers for conservation practices, but only if they restricted production of staple crops.
U.S. Housing Authority
Purpose: recovery and reform
Used federal funds to tear down slums and construct better housing.
The New Deal on Trial
By 1935, political disunity was evident. There were critics on the right and the left.
Criticisms of Conservative Opponents
Conservative opponents said the New Deal went too far:
It was socialism (killed individualism)
It added to the national debt ($35 billion)
It wasted money on relief and encouraged idleness
It violated the constitution & states rights
It increased the power of the Presidency (FDR was reaching toward dictatorship, Congress a rubber stamp, independence of judiciary threatened, separation of powers shattered)
Anti-New Deal Organization
Conservative opponents to the New Deal had an organization called the American Liberty League. They had money but were small in numbers, so FDR was not worried.
Criticisms of Radical Opponents
Radical opponents said the New Deal did not go far enough. They were demagogues (rabble-rousers) and had popular followings, so FDR was concerned.
Senator Huey Long (LA)
Senator Huey Long said New Deal relief measures were mere crumbs and advocated a share the wealth plan (i.e., a guaranteed annual income of at least $5,000 for every American, financed by confiscating wealth of people who made over $5 million per year).
Father Charles E. Coughlin
Father Charles Coughlin was a rabble-rousing radio priest from Detroit. His broadcasts were called the “Golden Hour of the Little Flower.” He claimed there was an international bankers conspiracy and Jews were responsible. He advocated nationalization of banking and currency and national resources and demanded a “living wage.”
Dr. Francis E. Townsend
Dr. Francis E. Townsend was an elderly physician from CA. He had a plan for the federal government to pay $200 per month to unemployed people over 60. The program would be financed by a 2% national sales tax and each pensioner would be required to spend the money in 30 days. This would stimulate the economy.
Moderate Legislation
FDR sponsored moderate legislation to silence radical opposition:
Revenue Act of 1935 – Response to Huey Long. Increased taxes on large incomes and corporations.
Banking Act of 1935 – Response to Coughlin. Extended federal control over private banking practices.
Social Security Act of 1935 Response to Townsend. Included provisions for unemployables (dependent children, the disabled, blind), unemployment insurance, and old-age pensions.
The Election of 1936
The Election of 1936:
Made the Democratic party the majority party
Created a new Democratic coalition composed of both traditional elements and new elements
Showed that the American people rejected radical solutions to depression
The Election of 1936
The Roosevelt Coalition
While Republicans were still relying on their traditional base of political support (big business, big farmers, and conservatives), Democrats broadened their constituency by appealing to small farmers in the Midwest, urban political bosses, ethnic blue collar workers, Jews, intellectuals, and African Americans.
Protection of New Deal Accomplishments
Steps FDR took to protect New Deal accomplishments (both failed):
Court-Packing Plan (proposed increasing Supreme Court from 9 to 15 members, caused in revolt in Dem. Party)
Purge of the Democratic Party in the Election of 1938 (came out strongly in favor of liberal Dem. Candidates, evidence that he interfered in a state campaign, Republicans gained strength in both houses of Congress)
Decline of New Deal Reform after 1937
Reasons for decline of New Deal reform after 1937:
Court-packing plan made Congress irritable.
Recession of 1937-38 weakened confidence in New Deal measures. Republicans gained strength in both houses.
Attempted purge of Democratic party failed.
Conservative Democrats were elected to office. Resentful of attempted party purge, they joined ranks with Republicans to block New Deal legislation.
Increasing focus on foreign affairs.
The Significance of the New Deal
Physical Rehabilitation of Country
Attacked soil erosion
Built dams and planted trees to prevent floods
Reclaimed the grasslands of the Great Plains
Developed water power resources
Encouraged regional reconstruction projects like the TVA and Columbia River project
Human Rehabilitation
Established the principle that government has responsibility for the health, welfare, and security, as well as the protection and education of its citizens
Embraced social security, public health, housing
Entered the domain of agriculture and labor
Revitalization of Politics
Strengthened executive branch
Reasserted presidential leadership
Revitalized political party as a vehicle for the popular will and as an instrument for effective action.
Extension of Democracy
Redefined the concept of democracy so that it included not only political rights but economic security and social justice as well.
Maintenance of a Democratic System
The New Deal maintained a democratic system of government and society in a world threatened by totalitarianism.
Increased size and scope of government to meet needs of the depression
Provided the leadership that enabled Congress to put through the necessary relief, recovery, and reform measures.
Sponsored moderate legislation to neutralize the popularity of radical opponents
Government Expenditures
The total cost of the current bailout now exceeds $4.6 trillion dollars. It has cost more than all of these government expenditures combined. Figures in parentheses have been adjusted for inflation:
Marshall Plan: Cost: $12.7 billion ($115.3 billion)
Louisiana Purchase: Cost: $15 million ($217 billion)
Race to the Moon: Cost: $36.4 billion ($237 billion)
S&L Crisis: Cost: $153 billion ($256 billion)
Korean War: Cost: $54 billion ($454 billion)
The New Deal: Cost: $32 billion est.($500 billion est.)
Invasion of Iraq: Cost: $551billion ($597 billion)
Vietnam War: Cost: $111 billion ($698 billion)
NASA: Cost: $416.7 billion ($851.2 billion)
TOTAL: $3.92 trillion
PP Notes the 1920s
The Roaring 20’s
America After WWI
“A Return to Normalcy”
This became Warren G. Harding’s campaign slogan when he accidentally messed up the word, “Normality”
Americans loved it and elected him
Fighting the Recession
After WWI, 2 million soldiers were looking for work
Factories were closing because they were no longer getting orders for wartime goods from European nations
Republicans Rule the 1920s
“HARD”-”COOL”-”HOOV”
All the presidents of the 1920s were Republican
The names of the 3 presidents are Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover
Warren G. Harding died in office, probably due to shock
President Harding’s Corrupt Cabinet
Secretary of the Treasury: Andrew Mellon, a wealthy financier
Secretary of Commerce: Herbert Hoover, famous for his food raising efforts during WWI
“Ohio Gang”: Harding’s old friends from Ohio who were corrupt and stole money from the government
Charles Forbes
One of Harding’s old buddies
Head of the Veteran’s Bureau
Stole millions of dollars from the bureau
“I can take care of my enemies all right, but my…friends, they’re the ones that keep me walking the floors at night!” –Hoover
Herbert Hoover was very hard-working and honest, but his friends were not
After a bunch of betrayals, Harding died of a heart attack in August, 1923
The Teapot Dome Scandal
Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall accepted a bribe to lease government land to oil executives
One of these areas was called “Teapot Dome” in Wyoming
Fall was sent to prison
Vice President Calvin Coolidge Becomes President
“Silent Cal” spoke and spent little (Harding loved to throw parties and give long speeches)
He forced corrupt officials to resign
He was re-elected in 1924 with the slogan “Keep Cool With Coolidge”
From War Goods to Consumer Goods
Coolidge cut regulations on businesses
Americans’ incomes rose
People began to buy refrigerators, radios, vacuums, and other appliances
Businesses began to advertise their products
“Coolidge Prosperity”
“The business of America is business. The man who builds a factory builds a temple. The man who works there worships there.
Calvin Coolidge
What does President Calvin Coolidge believe American Prosperity rests on?
Buying on Credit
Installment Buying= Buying on Credit (Buy now, pay later)
Demands for goods jumped, but so did Americans’ debt
“If we want anything, all we have to do is go and buy it on credit. So that leaves us without any economic problems whatsoever, except that perhaps some day to have to pay for them.”
–Comedian Will Rogers
Soaring Stock Market
By the late 1920s, more people were investing in the stock market
People became rich overnight
Bull Market: Period of rapidly increasing stock prices
Prices of stocks rose more quickly than the value of the companies themselves
American Foreign Policy in the 1920s
Most all Americans (including Harding and Coolidge) wanted to remain “isolationist”
HOWEVER:
1. The U.S. still needed to protect economic interests in Mexico
2. The U.S. gave $10 million in aid to Russia during a famine
3. The U.S. still signed the “Kellogg-Briand Pact” with 61 other nations (which outlawed war)
Women Gain the Right to Vote
19th Amendment in 1920 gave women the right to vote
Carrie Chapman Catt set up the League of Women Voters
This group tried to educate voters and ensure the right of women to serve on juries
Ana Roque de Duprey
Fought for the right to vote for women in Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican women got the right to vote in 1929
Life Changes for Women
Women were told to go back home when the men came home to the factories after WWI
Many women stayed in the workforce as typists, cleaners, cooks, servants, seamstresses, teachers, secretaries, and store clerks
Many women bought ready-made clothing instead of making their own
Many women bought appliances to help them with housework after working a full day outside of the home
Impact of the Automobile
Car sales grew rapidly in the 1920s because Henry Ford’s assembly line made them so cheap
General Motors also became a popular seller of cars
Changing Lifestyles Due to the Automobile
Millions of jobs were created through factories, oil refineries, roads, highways, truck stops, gas stations, restaurants and tourist stops
Many Americans began to move to the suburbs to escape crowded conditions in cities
Mass Culture
Radio
Movies
The Jazz Age
Fashion Fads, flappers
Marathon Dancing
More Fads
Flagpole sitting: Where young people would sit for hours and even days on top of a flagpole. (The record: 21 days!)
The Dance Craze
The Charleston
Has a quick beat
Dancers kick out their feet
Popular dance for Flappers: Women who wore short skirts (to the knees), bright red lipstick, hair cut short, smoked and drank in public, and drove fast cars
New Music
Jazz: Born in New Orleans, created by African Americans, combination of West African rhythms, African American songs and spirituals, European harmonies
Listen to the song “Heebie Jeebies- What different rhythms can you recognize?
Famous jazz musicians: Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, “Jelly Roll” Morton
A New Generation of American Writers
Depressed about their awful experiences in World War I
Criticized Americans for being obsessed with money and fun
Many became expatriates (people who leave their own country to live in a foreign land) and moved to Europe
Ernest Hemingway
Wrote about experiences of Americans during WWI and in Europe
Wrote A Farewell to Arms, The Sun Also Rises, The Old Man in the Sea
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Wrote about wealthy young people who go to constant parties but cannot find happiness
He wrote The Great Gatsby
His characters had flappers, bootleggers, and movie makers
Sinclair Lewis
Grew up in a small town in Minnesota and moved to New York City
He wrote books about rural people from a city person’s perspective (making them look stupid)
Wrote Main Street and Babbitt
The Harlem Renaissance
In the 1920s, many African American artists settled in Harlem, New York City
Black artists, musicians, and writers celebrated their African and American heritage
Harlem Renaissance Poets
Claude McKay: From Jamaica, wrote the poem, “If We Must Die” that condemned lynchings
Countee Cullen: Taught high school in Harlem, wrote of the experiences of African Americans
Zora Neale Hurston
Write novels, short essays, short stories
Traveled throughout the South in a battered car collecting folk tales, songs, and prayers of black southerners
Published these in her book, “Mules and Men”
Langston Hughes
Most well-known of the Harlem Renaissance poets
Also wrote plays, short stories, and essays
First poem, “The Negro Speaks of Rivers”
Encouraged African Americans to be proud of their heritage
Protested racism and acts of violence against blacks
Heroes of the 1920s
Athletes:
Bobby Jones: Won nearly every golfing championship
Jack Dempsey: Heavyweight boxing champion for 7 years
Bill Tilden and Helen Willis: Tennis champions
Gertrude Ederle: 1st woman to swim the English Channel
Babe Ruth
Grew up in an orphanage
Often in trouble as a boy
Hit 60 homeruns in one season, and 714 overall
Called the “Sultan of Swat”
Charles Lindbergh
The greatest hero of the 1920s
The first person to fly an airplane across the Atlantic Ocean alone
Flew from New York to Paris
Called “Lucky Lindy” because he had to fly for 33 ½ hours and didn’t carry a parachute, a radio, or a map
“The Noble Experiment”
Prohibition
How did Prohibition help lead to organized Crime????
America After WWI
“A Return to Normalcy”
This became Warren G. Harding’s campaign slogan when he accidentally messed up the word, “Normality”
Americans loved it and elected him
Fighting the Recession
After WWI, 2 million soldiers were looking for work
Factories were closing because they were no longer getting orders for wartime goods from European nations
Republicans Rule the 1920s
“HARD”-”COOL”-”HOOV”
All the presidents of the 1920s were Republican
The names of the 3 presidents are Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover
Warren G. Harding died in office, probably due to shock
President Harding’s Corrupt Cabinet
Secretary of the Treasury: Andrew Mellon, a wealthy financier
Secretary of Commerce: Herbert Hoover, famous for his food raising efforts during WWI
“Ohio Gang”: Harding’s old friends from Ohio who were corrupt and stole money from the government
Charles Forbes
One of Harding’s old buddies
Head of the Veteran’s Bureau
Stole millions of dollars from the bureau
“I can take care of my enemies all right, but my…friends, they’re the ones that keep me walking the floors at night!” –Hoover
Herbert Hoover was very hard-working and honest, but his friends were not
After a bunch of betrayals, Harding died of a heart attack in August, 1923
The Teapot Dome Scandal
Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall accepted a bribe to lease government land to oil executives
One of these areas was called “Teapot Dome” in Wyoming
Fall was sent to prison
Vice President Calvin Coolidge Becomes President
“Silent Cal” spoke and spent little (Harding loved to throw parties and give long speeches)
He forced corrupt officials to resign
He was re-elected in 1924 with the slogan “Keep Cool With Coolidge”
From War Goods to Consumer Goods
Coolidge cut regulations on businesses
Americans’ incomes rose
People began to buy refrigerators, radios, vacuums, and other appliances
Businesses began to advertise their products
“Coolidge Prosperity”
“The business of America is business. The man who builds a factory builds a temple. The man who works there worships there.
Calvin Coolidge
What does President Calvin Coolidge believe American Prosperity rests on?
Buying on Credit
Installment Buying= Buying on Credit (Buy now, pay later)
Demands for goods jumped, but so did Americans’ debt
“If we want anything, all we have to do is go and buy it on credit. So that leaves us without any economic problems whatsoever, except that perhaps some day to have to pay for them.”
–Comedian Will Rogers
Soaring Stock Market
By the late 1920s, more people were investing in the stock market
People became rich overnight
Bull Market: Period of rapidly increasing stock prices
Prices of stocks rose more quickly than the value of the companies themselves
American Foreign Policy in the 1920s
Most all Americans (including Harding and Coolidge) wanted to remain “isolationist”
HOWEVER:
1. The U.S. still needed to protect economic interests in Mexico
2. The U.S. gave $10 million in aid to Russia during a famine
3. The U.S. still signed the “Kellogg-Briand Pact” with 61 other nations (which outlawed war)
Women Gain the Right to Vote
19th Amendment in 1920 gave women the right to vote
Carrie Chapman Catt set up the League of Women Voters
This group tried to educate voters and ensure the right of women to serve on juries
Ana Roque de Duprey
Fought for the right to vote for women in Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican women got the right to vote in 1929
Life Changes for Women
Women were told to go back home when the men came home to the factories after WWI
Many women stayed in the workforce as typists, cleaners, cooks, servants, seamstresses, teachers, secretaries, and store clerks
Many women bought ready-made clothing instead of making their own
Many women bought appliances to help them with housework after working a full day outside of the home
Impact of the Automobile
Car sales grew rapidly in the 1920s because Henry Ford’s assembly line made them so cheap
General Motors also became a popular seller of cars
Changing Lifestyles Due to the Automobile
Millions of jobs were created through factories, oil refineries, roads, highways, truck stops, gas stations, restaurants and tourist stops
Many Americans began to move to the suburbs to escape crowded conditions in cities
Mass Culture
Radio
Movies
The Jazz Age
Fashion Fads, flappers
Marathon Dancing
More Fads
Flagpole sitting: Where young people would sit for hours and even days on top of a flagpole. (The record: 21 days!)
The Dance Craze
The Charleston
Has a quick beat
Dancers kick out their feet
Popular dance for Flappers: Women who wore short skirts (to the knees), bright red lipstick, hair cut short, smoked and drank in public, and drove fast cars
New Music
Jazz: Born in New Orleans, created by African Americans, combination of West African rhythms, African American songs and spirituals, European harmonies
Listen to the song “Heebie Jeebies- What different rhythms can you recognize?
Famous jazz musicians: Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, “Jelly Roll” Morton
A New Generation of American Writers
Depressed about their awful experiences in World War I
Criticized Americans for being obsessed with money and fun
Many became expatriates (people who leave their own country to live in a foreign land) and moved to Europe
Ernest Hemingway
Wrote about experiences of Americans during WWI and in Europe
Wrote A Farewell to Arms, The Sun Also Rises, The Old Man in the Sea
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Wrote about wealthy young people who go to constant parties but cannot find happiness
He wrote The Great Gatsby
His characters had flappers, bootleggers, and movie makers
Sinclair Lewis
Grew up in a small town in Minnesota and moved to New York City
He wrote books about rural people from a city person’s perspective (making them look stupid)
Wrote Main Street and Babbitt
The Harlem Renaissance
In the 1920s, many African American artists settled in Harlem, New York City
Black artists, musicians, and writers celebrated their African and American heritage
Harlem Renaissance Poets
Claude McKay: From Jamaica, wrote the poem, “If We Must Die” that condemned lynchings
Countee Cullen: Taught high school in Harlem, wrote of the experiences of African Americans
Zora Neale Hurston
Write novels, short essays, short stories
Traveled throughout the South in a battered car collecting folk tales, songs, and prayers of black southerners
Published these in her book, “Mules and Men”
Langston Hughes
Most well-known of the Harlem Renaissance poets
Also wrote plays, short stories, and essays
First poem, “The Negro Speaks of Rivers”
Encouraged African Americans to be proud of their heritage
Protested racism and acts of violence against blacks
Heroes of the 1920s
Athletes:
Bobby Jones: Won nearly every golfing championship
Jack Dempsey: Heavyweight boxing champion for 7 years
Bill Tilden and Helen Willis: Tennis champions
Gertrude Ederle: 1st woman to swim the English Channel
Babe Ruth
Grew up in an orphanage
Often in trouble as a boy
Hit 60 homeruns in one season, and 714 overall
Called the “Sultan of Swat”
Charles Lindbergh
The greatest hero of the 1920s
The first person to fly an airplane across the Atlantic Ocean alone
Flew from New York to Paris
Called “Lucky Lindy” because he had to fly for 33 ½ hours and didn’t carry a parachute, a radio, or a map
“The Noble Experiment”
Prohibition
How did Prohibition help lead to organized Crime????
PP Notes Flappers
Roaring 20s and the Sisters
Jumba was derivative (from South – African influence)
Done in speakeasies by flappers
Seen as lewd or improper
Can be dances as a solo or with a partner
Mimics those in supportive of prohibition
20s Started off with the ratification of women’s suffrage
Extend through the Jazz age
1921 Margaret Sanger founds American Birth Control League
1923 Edna St. Vincent Millay receives Pulitzer Prize for poetry (1st woman)
1923 Equal Rights Ammendment sponsored by Alice Paul introduced to Congress
1925 Nellie Taylor Ross becomes governor of WY (1st female governor of a state)
1925 The World’s Exposition of Women’s Progress opens in Chicago (first women’s fair)
1927 Supreme Court upholds Buck vs. Bell – eugenic sterilization law (forced sterilization for the ‘health of the state’ with people i.e. mentally retarded)
1928 Women earn 35% of the college degrees
1928 Olympics – Women compete in field sports for the first time
1929 Gerty and Carl Cori develop theory of “Cori Cycle” (how energy moves in body) and would win Nobel Prize for this in 1947
1929 Mildred Wirt writes her first Nancy Drew novels
Gretta Garbo
THE FLAPPER
Short dresses, short hair, stockings rolled down, and powdered knees
Not confined to just home and family
Socially aware and seen as a little ‘fast’
Accessories and fashion changed: hat, long beads, handbags, bright colors
Bras are introduced (no corset)
Cotton Club was a famous restaurant and night club in NYC
Played live Jazz and had dancing
Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald and many famous musicians played there
1920 - Jack Johnson opened it (heavy weight champion) on 142nd St in Harlem.
A gangster would later take over the club by 1923 during prohibition
Jumba was derivative (from South – African influence)
Done in speakeasies by flappers
Seen as lewd or improper
Can be dances as a solo or with a partner
Mimics those in supportive of prohibition
20s Started off with the ratification of women’s suffrage
Extend through the Jazz age
1921 Margaret Sanger founds American Birth Control League
1923 Edna St. Vincent Millay receives Pulitzer Prize for poetry (1st woman)
1923 Equal Rights Ammendment sponsored by Alice Paul introduced to Congress
1925 Nellie Taylor Ross becomes governor of WY (1st female governor of a state)
1925 The World’s Exposition of Women’s Progress opens in Chicago (first women’s fair)
1927 Supreme Court upholds Buck vs. Bell – eugenic sterilization law (forced sterilization for the ‘health of the state’ with people i.e. mentally retarded)
1928 Women earn 35% of the college degrees
1928 Olympics – Women compete in field sports for the first time
1929 Gerty and Carl Cori develop theory of “Cori Cycle” (how energy moves in body) and would win Nobel Prize for this in 1947
1929 Mildred Wirt writes her first Nancy Drew novels
Gretta Garbo
THE FLAPPER
Short dresses, short hair, stockings rolled down, and powdered knees
Not confined to just home and family
Socially aware and seen as a little ‘fast’
Accessories and fashion changed: hat, long beads, handbags, bright colors
Bras are introduced (no corset)
Cotton Club was a famous restaurant and night club in NYC
Played live Jazz and had dancing
Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald and many famous musicians played there
1920 - Jack Johnson opened it (heavy weight champion) on 142nd St in Harlem.
A gangster would later take over the club by 1923 during prohibition
PP Notes Lenin to Stalin
Lenin
Born Vladimir Llich Ulyanov in 1870
Expelled from University for radical thinking
Finished law degree 1891
Became “Lenin” in 1901
Exiled to Siberia, went to Europe for 15 years
Became leader of the Bolsheviks
Stalin
Born in Georgia in 1879
Learned Russian at school
Attended a seminary
Became a professional revolutionary and would spend years in Siberia
In 1924 was promoted after Lenin’s death
Dictatorship: strengthened military, poor conditions for the masses, Great Terror of 1930s, Gulags
Negotiated agreements with Germany during WWII
Supply lines went directly into Germany
Secretly cultivated an understanding with the West
Hitler’s attack in June 1941
Soviet Union
Eisenhower and Khrushchev
1970 elected to the USSR Supreme Soviet
Change foreign policy regarding nuclear arms
Negotiated nuclear free zone (s) with President Ronald Reagan of the U.S.
Feb 7, 1990 ended 72 years of communist rule
1990-91 President of the USSR
1991 Fall of Communism and the Soviet State
The Fall of Communism
Economy deteriorated
Poor living conditions, frustrated population
Government control of church
High rates of alcoholism and crime
Women lacked equality
Ethnic strife, poor medical care, rigid education
Pressure from hard-line communists, free market supporters, nationalists and secessionists
Born Vladimir Llich Ulyanov in 1870
Expelled from University for radical thinking
Finished law degree 1891
Became “Lenin” in 1901
Exiled to Siberia, went to Europe for 15 years
Became leader of the Bolsheviks
Stalin
Born in Georgia in 1879
Learned Russian at school
Attended a seminary
Became a professional revolutionary and would spend years in Siberia
In 1924 was promoted after Lenin’s death
Dictatorship: strengthened military, poor conditions for the masses, Great Terror of 1930s, Gulags
Negotiated agreements with Germany during WWII
Supply lines went directly into Germany
Secretly cultivated an understanding with the West
Hitler’s attack in June 1941
Soviet Union
Eisenhower and Khrushchev
1970 elected to the USSR Supreme Soviet
Change foreign policy regarding nuclear arms
Negotiated nuclear free zone (s) with President Ronald Reagan of the U.S.
Feb 7, 1990 ended 72 years of communist rule
1990-91 President of the USSR
1991 Fall of Communism and the Soviet State
The Fall of Communism
Economy deteriorated
Poor living conditions, frustrated population
Government control of church
High rates of alcoholism and crime
Women lacked equality
Ethnic strife, poor medical care, rigid education
Pressure from hard-line communists, free market supporters, nationalists and secessionists
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