World War I (Aerial Footage )

PP Notes Capitalism

Robber Barons “…the three foremost exponents of business enterprise: Morgan, Carnegie and Rockefeller. The first because he had created a virtual monopoly in banking, a “money Trust”; the second because of his death-grip on the key industry of the country; the third, Rockefeller, because of his amassing of industrial profit continued at such a high rate that an immense reservoir of cash was accumulated, which sought outlet through investment-banking operations of a size exceeding even those of Pierpont Morgan.” -Josephson p 388 Cornelius Vanderbilt 1794-1877 Born to poor Dutch peasants in Staten Island Left school at 11 to help his father Self educated At 16, borrowed $100 from his parents, bought a small boat and started a ferry service to NYC 1818 sold his ships and became a steam ferry captain, eventually managing the fleet 1829 established a line of steamboats 1846 moved to NYC During the CA gold rush, devised a plan to sail people to Nicaragua, where he then built a RR that could take them up the coast to CA The “Commodore” was involved in nautical interests (shipping, etc.), and then RRs 1857 invested in NY & Harlem RR 1875 owned most of the RR systems in coming into NY and in the Midwest/East coast area Considered one of the greatest Railroad Barons Never too concerned with philanthropy, but gave $1 million to Central Univ. in Nashville, which thus became Vanderbilt Univ. When he died he was the richest man in NYC and left his fortune to William, one of his thirteen children Andrew Carnegie 1835-1919 Born in Dunfermline, Scotland and emigrated in 1848 At 14, worked as a bobbin boy in a textile factory, loved “progress” Optimistic, by 17 he was a telegrapher ($800 a year) Always looking for a way to get ahead, never let opportunity pass him by – even if meant breaking some rules The Gospel of Wealth: the rich should help enrich society, not ‘waste’ it on those who don’t have wealth (social Darwinist) Made his largest fortunes in steel, mass producing for rail lines Also owned other businesses (Pittsburgh Locomotive, Car Works) 1901 sold his steel holdings to JP Morgan for $250 million (negotiated in secret by Charles Schwab) By the time he died, he’d given away $350,695,653 and the last $30,000,000 at his death was also given to various interests “Rags to Riches” J.P. Morgan 1837-1913 Educated in Boston and Germany, later did banking for his father and then became a partner in Drexel, Morgan and Co. Collected antiquity art, books and was a philanthropist Very secretive, avoided too many public appearances, was embarrassed by a deformed nose Head of JP Morgan (1895) and member of Cromwell’s banking house Arranged merger of two major electric companies, creating General Electric Cromwell helped Morgan create the largest company in the world: United Steel Owned over 5000 miles of American Railroads In this he also became in Panama and funded the purchase of the French Canal Company Also lent the money for Panama’s independence, and later administered the country’s treasury Had incredible financial prowess with connections in the U.S. and Europe 1904 Northern Securities Corp. dissolved by Supreme Court (violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act) Sat on numerous boards and influenced most of the nations’ major corporations; influenced politics, regulatory and financial laws, industry, etc. Upon his death his art collection (very extensive) was donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in NY John D. Rockefeller 1839-1937 By 16 he worked as book keeper 1859 partner in a small produce business Within 4 years, he entered the oil refinery business 1870 organized Standard Oil Came to dominate the oil refinery business (mergers, eliminating competition, gaining large capital, agreements with competitors, crushing small businessmen) 1882 all of his diversified holdings were placed together under the Standard Oil Trust Also an accomplished financer Also an accomplished financer One of the directors of the 1901 U.S. Steel Corp. Had massive holdings in petroleum Several times the government forced Rockefeller to dissolve his interests Also avoided public attention Deep religious faith Donated to the Baptist Church, YMCA, etc. 1892 founded the University of Chicago Would start numerous foundations for public health, medical research, child welfare, etc.

PP Notes Industrial Rev

The Industrial Revolution 1848 Britain to Western Europe to the United States Change social structure and cultural values forever Changed working environments and revenue potential Social Changes People left the country, for city life Child labor decreased, children became valued More adults used to run factories Women Cultural Shifts Consumption and consumerism “Middle class” values Beginnings of product crazes (Popular culture) Consolidation of the Industrial Order Continued after 1850 Unification in Germany and Italy Rise of socialism Standard of living improved Slow population growth Rise of capitalism and industry (U.S.) Railroads Western World Economic dependency, political support, colonization Broadening reach: Social/cultural values Institutions Arts/science/philosophies Rising tensions in Europe Loss of colonies Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Triple Entente: Britain, Russia, France

PP Notes China

Ming and Qing Dynasties Last 3 Dynasties (Beijing) Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) Mongolian north of China proper Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Han Chinese Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) Manchu northeast of China proper Confucian culture modern concept of political nation state Chinese defined by Confucian culture civil service exam (605-1905) social mobility reward diligence, discipline, and willpower, but not talent or innovation law of avoidance “sum of social relationships” Social hierarchy and mobility scholar-officials, farmers, artisans, and merchants scholar-official-landlord learning, political power, and economic wealth local elite (gentry) and lineage lack of work ethic literati’s long gown foot-binding for women Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) China’s Tributary System Traditional system for managing foreign relations The ``Central Kingdom” worldview Ming dynasty had the most extensive tributary system tributes from East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and even West Asia and Africa Zheng He’s fleet (1405 - 1433) Over 300 ships & 20,000 men trade and commerce Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, and East Africa Zheng He’s expeditions Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1912) Ming dynasty fell in 1644 amid peasant uprisings and Manchu invasion Manchu and Han Chinese Ming and Qing Emperors Mandate of Heaven The 6 Bu Ministries 6-Bu system started in early Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) The 6 Bu (ministries) Ministry of Personnel Ministry of Revenue Ministry of Rites Ministry of Military Ministry of Criminal Justice Ministry of Public Works Emperor & Macartney (1793)

ESSAY Question Midterm 2

Discuss the positive and negative effects of the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution and Imperialism by the beginning of the 20th century.

African Land Controlled by Europe

Spheres of Influence in China up to 1914

Mao Zedong (1893-1976)

Mao was a Chinese communist leader and founder of the People's Republic of China. He was responsible for the disastrous policies of the 'Great Leap Forward' and the 'Cultural Revolution'.

Mao was born on 26 December 1893 into a peasant family in Shaoshan, in Hunan province, central China. After training as a teacher, he travelled to Beijing where he worked in the University Library. It was during this time that he began to read Marxist literature. In 1921, he became a founder member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and set up a branch in Hunan. In 1923, the Kuomintang (KMT) nationalist party had allied with the CCP to defeat the warlords who controlled much of northern China. Then in 1927, the KMT leader Chiang Kai-shek launched an anti-communist purge.

Mao and other communists retreated to south east China. In 1934, after the KMT surrounded them, Mao led his followers on the 'Long March', a 6,000 mile journey to northwest China to establish a new base.

The Communists and KMT were again temporarily allied during eight years of war with Japan (1937-1945), but shortly after the end of World War Two, civil war broke out between them. The Communists were victorious, and on 1 October 1949 Mao proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Chiang Kai-shek fled to the island of Taiwan.

Mao and other Communist leaders set out to reshape Chinese society. Industry came under state ownership and China's farmers began to be organised into collectives. All opposition was ruthlessly suppressed. The Chinese initially received significant help from the Soviet Union, but relations soon began to cool.

In 1958, in an attempt to introduce a more 'Chinese' form of communism, Mao launched the 'Great Leap Forward'. This aimed at mass mobilisation of labour to improve agricultural and industrial production. The result, instead, was a massive decline in agricultural output, which, together with poor harvests, led to famine and the deaths of millions. The policy was abandoned and Mao's position weakened.

In an attempt to re-assert his authority, Mao launched the 'Cultural Revolution' in 1966, aiming to purge the country of 'impure' elements and revive the revolutionary spirit. One-and-a-half million people died and much of the country's cultural heritage was destroyed. In September 1967, with many cities on the verge of anarchy, Mao sent in the army to restore order.

Mao appeared victorious, but his health was deteriorating. His later years saw attempts to build bridges with the United States, Japan and Europe. In 1972, US President Richard Nixon visited China and met Mao.

Mao died on 9 September 1976.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/mao_zedong.shtml

PP Notes WWI

World War I
Europe 1914

Heir to Austrian-Hungarian throne (Archduke Francis Ferdinand) was assassinated in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914.
Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
Russia mobilizes for war
Germany, as Austria’s ally, declares war on Russia



France, agrees to support Russia so
Germany declares war on France
Germany invades neutral Belgium to get to France
Britain, upset by this violation, declares war on Germany

A New Kind of War
Trench warfare
Handheld machine guns
Tanks
Poison gas
Submarines
Airplanes



Fronts
The Western Front (Trenches)
The Eastern Front (large area mostly in Russia)
The Third Front (Border between Austria-Hungary and Italy)
Other fronts: Middles East, Africa and Mesopotamia

Major Battles
Battle of Tannenberg Aug 26-30, 1914
Battle of Gallipoli begins Apr 25, 1915
Battle of Verdun Feb 21 – Dec 18, 1916
The Somme Offensive Jul 1- Nov 19, 1916
Allied Counteroffensive Nov 11, 1918


Allied Powers:
Serbia
Russia
France
Britain
U.S.
Treaty of Versailles

Austria-Hungary was divided into Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Yugoslavia
Germany lost land to Poland and France and its colonial empire was divided
Germany had to pay $33 billion to the allies
Russia lost territory to Poland and the Baltic states

Europe after 1918




Hunger, disease, lack of men to work farmland, and industry (and reproduce)
Ottoman Empire ceased
Arabs gained a nation, but under British supervision
Jewish/Palestinian conflict is fueled
Russia shifted into the communist era
Armenians were displaced
More than 400,000 children orphaned in France alone

PP Notes Imperialism

Imperialism
World Categories
Tropical Dependencies
For example?
White Dominions
For example?
Contested Settler Colonies
For example?
India
Using sepoys, the British gained power and land in India (18th century)
Defeating the French furthered British hold (Bengal 1757)
By the 19th century, India was Britain’s major colonial possession
Appointed statesmen were placed in charge


In 1857 part of the Indian army rebelled against the British
Africa and Asia


Polynesia

-Devastated population, culture, social structure, religion
-Had to eventually use the Europeans own systems (legal, political, educational) to prevent extinction


What happened to the native Americans, Aboriginals, Africans and Islanders?

Haiti
Mexico
Chile
Brazil
Argentina
Uncle Sam
What inspired an end?
American Revolution – model for colonial rebellion
French Revolution – revolutionary ideology
Slave rebellion – 1791 Haiti
France invaded Spain and Portugal
Results

PP Notes Mao

China under Mao Zedong 1949 - 1976 Outline GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949) Recovery and Socialism (1949-1956) Rethinking the Soviet model (1956-1957) Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) Recovery & growing elite division (1962-5) Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) Anti-Japanese War (1937-1945) Civil War (1946 – 1949) GMD: Guomindang (Nationalist Party) Chiang Kai-shek (President) CCP: Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong “War of Liberation” Mao Zedong A revolution to remove “3 big mountains” imperialism feudalism bureaucrat-capitalism A “United Front” of … workers peasants petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie People’s Republic of China 1949-10-01, PRC, Beijing Chairman: Mao Zedong 5-Star Red Flag Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan Economic Reconstruction 1950s Soviet Union model and assistance land reform (eliminate landlord class) heavy industry (state-owned enterprises) First National People’s Congress (1954) PRC Constitution Zhou Enlai Premier Foreign Minister Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) abandon the Soviet model of economic development Soviet “scientific planning” mass mobilization people’s communes Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) unrealistic output targets industry agricultural and human disaster Growing Division (1962-1965) Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracy Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution commitment to revolution and “class struggle” power struggle to succeed Mao Phase I: the rise and fall of “red guards” Phase II: the rise and fall of Lin Biao Phase III: the rise and fall of the “Gang of Four” Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69) Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69) Purge of party cadres Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping Purge of intellectuals Phase II: Lin Biao (1969-71) the putative successor to Mao Zedong the cult of personality around Mao In 1971 Lin allegedly tried but failed to assassinate Mao to flee to Soviet Union (“9.13”) “9.13” eroded the credibility of the entire leadership of the Cultural Revolution Phase III: the “Gang of Four” 1972 – 1976 power struggle between the radical “Gang of Four”, led by Jiang Qing, Mao’s wife the “moderates”, led by Premier Zhou Enlai the fate of Deng Xiaoping Diplomatic Breakthrough 1971, PRC became the representative of China in UN (replaced ROC) Diplomatic Breakthrough 1972, President Nixon visited Beijing Mao and Zhou Died in 1976 Turning point in China’s postwar era “Gang of Four” were arrested End of the Cultural Revolution Mao’s legacies Reforms and Opening up The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP Central Committee in 1978 Deng Xiaoping’s ascendancy economic modernization became focus US-PRC diplomatic relations in 1979

PP Notes Japan

The West used Asia for her resources The 19thcentury saw China being divided up by the west, a sort of warning to Japan. Japan adapted by adopting Western ideas and models in a short amount of time For example, Military ideas: Navy developed ‘dreadnaught’ battleship in 1905 - a year before HMS Dreadnaught was started in Britain. Japan used military to promote interests abroad. China was defeated in battle in 1894-5, giving Japan control of the mainland and Taiwan. This was the First Sino-Japanese War. (Sino=Chinese) Zhang Zuolin was warlord of Manchuria 1916-1928. Sympathetic to Chiang Kaishek and the new China A Japanese officer planted a bomb in his private train and assassinated him Chinese Emperor Pu Yi was made a puppet ruler for Japan in Manchukuo Manchukuo (land of the ‘Manchu’) Emperor Showa of Japan. Total and complete control over from his subjects and the military He was responsible the wars and conflict with China and the West In 1945, General MacArthur protected him from trail for war crimes to keep the Japanese people satisfied Prime Minister of Japan and primary military leader. Rose to power in the Manchukuo ‘Kwantung’ army Nicknamed the ‘razor’ Keen on ultra nationalistic secret societies. Responsible for 8M civilian deaths, countless deaths and experiments on prisoners of war. Commemorated at the Yasukuni Shrine. Apologized for military atrocities on his death. Executed for war crimes 1948 The Japanese army gradually crept Southward, through China, fighting all the way. 1937 the Japanese army clashed with the Chinese at the gates of Beijing (the Marco Polo Bridge). - Some groups welcomed Japan as liberators from western Imperialists - But soon Japan was seen as new imperialists, and feared Non-Japanese people were treated with cruelty and severity Much faster and more maneuverable than any other fighter at the time. Old battleships were made obsolete by the use of planes Pacific naval wars were to be decided by planes not by gunned ships Soldiers, highly skilled in attack, defence, and jungle warfare Highly motivated to defend their Emperor and their land By November 1941 the Japanese were positioned to strike Australia Campaigns to attack Burma and Midway Island were a prelude to this The bombing of Darwin was a precursor of the invasion The British government- alarmed at the rapid Japanese advance-decided to send warships to meet the Japanese England ignored the navy’s concern and warning about the danger of planes (sink ships easily) Both ships were sunk by over 100 Japanese planes It was a major blow to England US warships sinking at anchor. Japanese carrier planes ready to take off. Only luck kept this ship out of Pearl Harbour on the 7th. She arrived the following day. She was to lead the US Navy back into the fight in the Pacific. Heavy fighting. The Japanese pushed out British forces by superior jungle fighting techniques. The British reliance on motor vehicles was exploited as a weakness by simple tree-felled road blocks. The Japanese prepared to attack India The British counter attacked in Arakan but were again beaten The British adopted new techniques. Instead of trying to hold territory generally they held well-defended ‘boxes’ of strategically important land. The Japanese found themselves unable to defeat their enemy and unable to utilize the land to their advantage. They also now found themselves dependent on long, very vulnerable supply routes. Battle of the ‘Admin Box’ was a British victory in 1944. The Japanese army had, at last, to retreat. Built with huge effort this road was a link between the allies in Burma and China. Vast amounts of supplies trucked over the mountains to help the fight against the Japanese. The Japanese army were allowed to run riotous. Up to 300,000 civilian Chinese deaths 1,000 rapes a day Hospital patients tortured. Soldiers bayoneted and shot people at will. Japanese soldiers use prisoners for bayonet practice. US aid to China included these Curtis fighter planes, the ‘Flying Tigers’ They actually had shark mouths painted on because it was thought the Japanese were afraid of sharks! -to make up for losses, the Japanese built the world’s largest aircraft carrier. Due to bombing it had to put to sea whilst still unfinished, and with workers onboard still building -it was sunk by a US submarine shortly afterwards, still incomplete. Despite battleships the Japanese were masters of defence. US marine casualties were horrendous at every island attacked. Japanese defenders inevitably fought to the death. The island where the film ‘flags of our fathers’ was set. Horrendous casualties on both sides Carrier battles were fierce. Japanese islands acted as permanent aircraft carriers If you crashed in the Pacific you were unlikely to be found / rescued. Another Kamikase hit on a US carrier. A US sailor commented ‘the fight might be tough on land, but you can’t dig foxholes in the sea’! Another US ship in flames. But replacements were already on there way. US anti-aircraft fire became monstrous. Kamikase attacks occurred all day and all night. Nerves were worn to shreds as combatants were unable to rest. This island is within bomber range of Japan. If it fell then Japan was at last vulnerable. Even the Yamato battleship is sent on a suicide mission (and is sunk) Delivered the first atomic bomb to the US air force in Tinian. July 30 1945 sunk by Japanese submarine off the Philippines on the way home. Because of her ‘special mission’ her journey was ‘secret’. Of 1200 crew members, 900 survived the sinking only to find themselves at sea with no rescuers even looking for them. Sharks were quickly attracted and after 4 days only 300 men were left, terrified and out of their minds. It was the worst US Navy disaster in history. The effect of ‘little boy’ Japan withdrew all forces from the Pacific and from the mainland. So widely scattered were soldiers, and so dedicated were they to their cause, that old soldiers were still coming out of hiding in 1972! Japan lost 2.5 million people in the war. China lost 10 million people. The Yasukuni shrine is still contentious. Hirohito refused to visit in his last years due to rumors that it housed Japan’s war criminals. The present day prime Minister still visits. The USA rebuilt Japan to enable it to recover as a source of American influence in Asia. The Atom bomb was seen as the crucial symbol of political power. The US considered using it on China but withheld

PP Notes Korea

Chosun Dynasty 1392-1910 CE Chosun’s Beginnings: Yi Seung-kye is dispatched to repel Ming attack Concludes he can’t win Negotiates with invaders Returns to Kaesung and takes over city with Ming help Ming alliance New Chosun Dynasty Named by Ming Emperor 朝鮮 -- 조선 – “Morning Calm” Ming China invades Korea 1392 Yi’s diagnosis of Koryo’s failings: Buddhism – too influential Confucianism is the answer Focus on Confucian relationships and virtues Five Relationships Hyo (filial piety) is the core virtue Neo-Confucian orthodoxy Chosun and Gender Patrilocal marriage Rigid patriarchy Women’s roles Strict obedience Produce a son Woman’s Three Lords: Father … Husband … Son Strict Chastity Chosun women’s small dagger Religious intolerance Buddhism Persecuted Driven out of cities Lands confiscated – hence: Mountain Temples Becomes a religion predominantly of women Chosun Dynasty Censorate system Confucian Secret Investigator Focus on Scholarship: Sungkyunkwan University 1400s Focused on Confucian Scholarship Now a major, modern university King Sejong: 1418-1450 Patron of Arts and Sciences Printing of Confucian classics Moveable type used heavily Hangul Commissioned Korea’s Phonetic Script His most famous accomplishment Hideyoshi Invasion: 1592 Korea occupied, ransacked National treasures destroyed Tremendous animosity developed Non’gae -- “Patriotic Kisaeng” Turtle ships Korea Liberated Reemphasize Confucianism: Korea is the last bastion of civilization… Korea as the Hermit Kingdom Catholics Enter Korea: 1784 Two Korean Yangban Discover Catholicism in China Convert Bring back Catholic books Teach Catholicism in Korea French priests sneak in Chesa condemned as “worship” Catholicism not warmly welcomed by government Catholics In Korea Silk letter 1801 Smuggled with tribute mission to China Discovered Requested French intervention to ensure Catholic rights in Korea Chesa Controversy Catholics forbidden to perform Chesa Government declares Catholicism illegal Catholic Pogroms: 1860s Thousands beheaded French Respond with brief naval attack Catholics In Korea Catholics (mostly Yangban) retreat from public life Live in small villages Make ceramic pots Kimchi Pots “Potter” is slang for Catholic Korea and the West General Sherman incident 1866 American Merchant Marine Ship Sunk and burned 1871 retaliation for General Sherman US sends retaliatory naval strike Pressure from Japan 1874: first unequal treaty – Japan Grants Japan special rights in Korea Japan may intervene if other nations do Koreans recognize the threat, but are powerless to resist Korea and the West 1882: first US Treaty “Good offices” clause Korea sees it as mutual defense Protection from the real threat: Japan West, esp. US, seen as potential savior from the more-threatening Japanese Korea and the West Protestants 1884 Dr. Horace Allen MD to the US Consulate Presbyterian Missionary Heals Korean Crown Prince Granted one favor Requests freedom of religion for Korea and missionary rights for Christianity Protestants in Korea Enter 1884 Adopt Nevius Method Service: education, medical care, etc Focus on poor and women Cultivate local clergy and leadership ASAP Prepare for local church independence Protestants in Korea Bible (성경) is the first major work published in hangul (한글) – not Chinese Prompts the beginning of Hangul literature movement Protestants in Korea Presbyterian Structure Governance by “Elders” Lay leaders play major role: High prestige Democratic, participatory structure Koreans flock to Presbyterians Christians seen as connected with America America seen as the one hope for protection from Japan Western Education (in Christian Schools) seen as the key to modernizing the nation Non-Christian Korean nationalists flock to Christian schools for modern, Western education Protestants in Korea Provide Best education available Become core to nationalist and modernization movements Grow and develop rapidly Develop a strong national network of hundreds of churches and many thousands of members by 1900 Late Chosun Government: Decay and Stagnation Government stagnates and tries to avoid reform or Western interaction as much as possible Dominated by Conservative Queen Min Queen Min, like China’s Empress Dowager, was a tyrannical traditionalist Kabo Reforms: Attempt to modernize after Queen Min’s death Modernization effort, but too little, too late Tonghak Rebellion Tonghak Rebellion: 1894 (Eastern Learning) Nativist movement growing out of the Chundokyo Religion (a native Korean religion borrowing both from Daoism and Christianity) Deeply Anti foreign Chosun Government could not repress the Tonghaks Calls in China and Japan asserts 1874 treaty to follow Sino-Japanese War 1894-95 Chosun Collapse Chosun Weakened King even seeks protection in Russian Embassy Russo-Japanese War 1904-05 Russia forced to leave Korea becomes a Japanese protectorate Meaning Japan “protects” (dominates) Korea Japanese Occupation 1910-1945 Koreans continue to look to US as potential savior Look to Protestant churches as special connection to America Japan annexes Korea 1910 Taft-Katsura Agreement US concurs secretly that Japan should lead to modernize and develop Korea Protestant Missionaries agree: Japan is the one modern Asian Nation Korean’s need Japanese tutelage Koreans today see this as a major betrayal

The Power of Forgiveness

Dr. Arun Gandhi, grandson of Mahatma Gandhi and founder of the M.K. Gandhi Institute for Nonviolence, in his June 9 lecture at the University of Puerto Rico, shared the following story as an example of nonviolence in parenting: “I was 16 years old and living with my parents at the institute my grandfather had founded 18 miles outside of Durban, South Africa, in the middle of the sugar plantations. We were deep in the country and had no neighbors, so my two sisters and I would always look forward to going to town to visit friends or go to the movies. One day, my father asked me to drive him to town for an all-day conference, and I jumped at the chance. Since I was going to town, my mother gave me a list of groceries she needed and, since I had all day in town, my father asked me to take care of several pending chores, such as getting the car serviced. When I dropped my father off that morning, he said, ‘I will meet you here at 5:00 p.m., and we will go home together.’ After hurriedly completing my chores, I went straight to the nearest movie theater. I got so engrossed in a John Wayne double-feature that I forgot the time. It was 5:30 before I remembered. By the time I ran to the garage and got the car and hurried to where my father was waiting for me, it was almost 6:00. He anxiously asked me, ‘Why are you late?’ I was so ashamed of telling him I was watching a John Wayne western movie that I said, ‘The car wasn’t ready, so I had to wait,’ not realizing that he had already called the garage. When he caught me in the lie, he said: ‘There’s something wrong in the way I brought you up that didn’t give you the confidence to tell me the truth. In order to figure out where I went wrong with you, I’m going to walk the walk home 18 miles and think about it.’ So, dressed in his suit and dress shoes, he began to walk home in the dark on mostly unpaved, unlit roads. I couldn’t leave him, so for five-and-a-half hours I drove behind him, watching my father go through this agony for a stupid lie that I uttered. I decided then and there that I was never going to lie again. I often think about that episode and wonder, if he had punished me the way we punish our children, whether I would have learned a lesson at all. I don’t think so. I would have suffered the punishment and gone on doing the same thing. But this single nonviolent action was so powerful that it is still as if it happened yesterday. That is the power of nonviolence. Originally posted by Dr.Arun Gandhi at PSY On Saturday, December 5, 2009 http://pakistanisforpeace.wordpress.com/2009/12/09/the-power-of-forgiveness-by-gandhis-grandson-dr-arun-gandhi/

Catherine the Great 5/5

Catherine the Great 4/5

Catherine the Great 3/5

Extra Credit Paper Week 4

Extra Credit (Up to 30 points) Due Week 4, Thursday:
2.5 - 3 page Paper

Select a position that is nominated or appointed by the Office of President (i.e. Secretary of State, Supreme Court Justice, Navy General, etc.)
One Page: In your own words: What is the position? What is the job description?
One Page: In your own words: Who currently holds this position?  What are the political and profesional experience of the person CURRENTLY serving in this position?
Half a Page: Are they doing a good job? Why or why not?

You may NOT select the Office of the President

PP Notes Islamic Dynasties

Islamic Empires Theme: The historical origins of today’s Islamic world Lesson 14 Ottoman Empire Begun by Osman Bey in 1289 Osman and his followers above all sought to become ghazi “the instrument of the religion of Allah, a servant of God who purifies the earth from the filth of polytheism; the Ghazi is the sword of God, he is the protector and the refuge of the believers. If he becomes a martyr in the ways of God, do not believe that he has died– he lives in beatitude with Allah, he has eternal life” Ahmadi Ottoman Empire The Ottoman’s location on the borders of the Byzantine Empire gave them ample opportunity for holy war Mehmed II Ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1451 to 1481 In 1453, he toppled the Byzantine Empire, capturing Constantinople, renaming it Istanbul, and making it the new Ottoman capital Expanded the empire to become the ruler of “two lands” (Europe and Asia) and “two seas” (the Mediterranean and the Black) Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II Suleyman the Magnificent Reigned from 1520 to 1566 and continued the expansion Conquered Baghdad in 1534 Like the other Ottomans, Suleyman was a Sunni Turkey Turkey is about 97% Moslem and about 80% of these Moslems are Sunni Iraq Under Saddam Hussein, Iraq was 60-65% Shia and 32-37% Sunni but Sunnis dominated the government and economy Safavid Empire Founded by Shah Ismail in 1501 and lasted until 1722 Shah Ismail reigned to 1524 and proclaimed his realm’s official religion would be Shiism Would impose Shiism by force if necessary over the formerly Sunni population Seized control of the Iranian plateau and centered his empire around the capital of Istahan Iran Differences Between Shia and Sunni Shiites About 15% of all Muslims Islam’s leader should be a descendant of Mohammad Qualified religious leaders have the authority to interpret the sharia (Islamic law) Sunnis About 85% of all Muslims Leaders should be chosen through ijma, or consensus The sharia was codified and closed by the 10th century Selim the Grim The Sunni Ottomans under Selim the Grim (reigned 1512-1520) detested the Shiite Safavids and launched a full-scale invasion of Safavid territory Battle of Chaldiran The critical battle in this campaign was the battle of Chaldiran in 1514 The Ottomans won and temporarily occupied the Safavid capital of Tabriz but could not completely destroy the Safavid state The Ottomans and Safavids continued to fight intermittingly for the next two centuries Modern Iran The US helped bring Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi to power in 1953 Iran’s Shia Moslems despised the Shah’s secular rule and western influence In 1979 revolutionaries led by Ayatollah Khomeini seized power Shia militants captured 69 US hostages at the US Embassy in Tehran, 55 of which remained captive until 1981 Alternatives in Iran Revolution US Hostages in Iran, 1980 Failed Rescue Attempt Iraq Saddam Hussein became president of Iraq in 1979 Sunnis held power Iraq saw the revolution in Iran as an opportunity to invade The Iran-Iraq War lasted from 1980 to 1988 and killed as many as one million soldiers Iran-Iraq War Saddam used poisonous gas against Iraqi Kurds who he considered sympathetic toward Iran Back to the Ottomans…. By the late 17th Century the Ottoman expansion had reached its limits The Ottomans had neglected military training and technological advances and fell behind the European armies in strategy, tactics, weapons, and training They suffered a series of military defeats Ottoman Decline The loss of military power translated to declining effectiveness of the central government By the early 19th Century, semi-independent governors and local notables became increasingly autonomous Ottoman Decline The Ottoman government maintained its authority in Anatolia and Iraq, but it lost territory elsewhere Russia gained territory in the Caucasus and central Asia Austria gained territory on the western frontier After an unsuccessful invasion by the French, Egypt became an essentially autonomous region within the Ottoman Empire under the rule of Muhammad Ali Ottoman Decline In addition to military and territorial losses, the Ottomans suffered economically as merchants began to circumvent Ottoman intermediaries and trade directly with their counterparts in India and China The Ottoman Empire had little to export and became heavily dependent on foreign loans “Capitulation”– agreements exempting European visitors from Ottoman law and providing European powers the right to exercise jurisdiction over their own citizens in Ottoman territory– threatened Ottoman sovereignty “The Sick Man of Europe” “We have on our hands a sick man, a very sick man.” Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, 1853 Mahmud II Reigned from 1808 to 1839 and launched a reform program designed to restore the traditional Ottoman military The elite and powerful Janissaries opposed the reforms, but Mahmud massacred them He remodeled his institutions, especially his military, along European lines European-style uniforms European tactics and weaponry European education Other Reforms of Mahmud Created a system of secondary education for boys to facilitate the transition from mosque schools to newly established scientific, technical, and military academies Established European style ministries, built new roads and telegraph lines, and started a postal service Transferred authority to the sultan from traditional elites by Taxing rural landlords Abolishing the system of military land grants Undermining the ulama (the Islamic leadership) Ottoman Empire under Mahmud II The empire was smaller, but it was more consolidated and powerful than it had been since the early 17th Century Tanzimat The tempo of reform increased after Mahmud during the Tanzimat (“reorganization”) era from 1839-1876 Reformers drew inspiration from the Enlightenment thought and the constitutional foundations of western European states Principal target was the army, but other reforms involved law and education Tanzimat The legal reforms were designed to make Ottoman law acceptable to Europeans so the Ottomans could have the capitulations lifted and recover sovereignty Safeguarded the rights of subjects through guaranteed public trials, rights of privacy, and equality before the law Educational reforms resulted in a complete system of primary, secondary, and university education under the supervision of the state ministry of education Legal and educational reforms both undermined the ulama and there was opposition from religious conservatives and others Abd al-Hamid II An opposition group of radical dissidents from the Ottoman bureaucracy staged a coup in 1876 and installed Abd al-Hamid II as sultan Abd al-Hamid imposed a despotic regime and generated much opposition Young Turks The Ottoman Society for Union and Progress (better known as the Young Turks) was founded in 1889 by exiled Ottomans In 1908 they inspired an army coup and in 1909 they dethroned Abd al-Hamid and established a puppet sultan Ottoman sultans would now reign but not rule Agenda of the Young Turks Universal suffrage Equality before the law Freedom of religion Free public education Secularization of the state Emancipation of women Still the Sick Man The Young Turks sought to maintain Turkish hegemony within the larger Ottoman Empire which caused opposition from subject peoples outside the Anatolian heartland such as in Syria and Iraq The Ottoman Empire was crumbling and survived principally because the European powers could not decide how to dispose of it without upsetting the European balance of power World War I In 1914, the Ottomans became aligned with the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary) Successfully fended off the Allied landing at Gallipoli in 1915 and Mesopotamia in 1916, but then began retreating on all fronts Mustafa Kemal emerged as a great war hero World War I Arabs, assisted by the British and T. E. Lawrence (“Lawrence of Arabia”), revolted against Turkish rule in Syria, Palestine, and Arabia The Central Powers sued for peace in November 1918 Treaty of Sevres (1920) and Treaty of Lausanne (1923) The Treaty of Sevres effectively dissolved the Ottoman Empire, calling for the surrender of Ottoman Balkan and Arab provinces and the occupation of eastern and southern Anatolia by foreign powers Turks led by wartime hero Mustafa Kemal successfully resisted the occupation The Republic of Turkey was officially recognized by the Treaty of Lausanne Mustafa Kemal Mustafa Kemal served as president of Turkey for 15 years until his death in 1938 Known as Ataturk or “Father Turk” “Westernized” Turkey Turkey under Ataturk New ideology of Kemalism stressed the republican form of government representing the power of the electorate, secular administration, nationalism, mixed economy with state participation in many of the vital sectors, the process of parliamentary and participatory democracy, modernization. Legacy of Ataturk Turkey became the first Moslem nation to become a republic Left Turkey with a divided identity — Europeanized but not quite European, alienated from the Islamic world but still a Muslim country The Turkish military still sees itself as the guardian of Turkish independence, nationalism, and secularism Turkey at the Crossroads Next Building of American States

PP Notes Islam

World History II With Prof. RaeAnn L. Osborne Islam Division Within Shiite – believe authority through direct lineage, Imam is a guide (Hadith is different) Sunni – believe authority through appointment, Caliph is a political/religious figure Sufism – Islamic mysticism Persia and Afghanistan Safavids conquered an area, formally part of Russia, in modern day Iran. Safavids 1500 to 1722 Abbas I 1587-1629 India 1526- 1858 The Mughals The Mughals Akbar 1556-1605 13 years old when crowned Persian mother, Turkish father Outstanding military talent Understood administrative facet of government Encouraged reconciliation with Hindu subjects Created a new faith Tried to change position of women Regime reached peak of its splendor Decline The Osmanli Dynasty Turkic - 13th century (Osman I) Gazis, rapid expansion, jihad By 1453 Byzantine was defeated Expand the empire into Europe, Asia, North Africa and the Middle East Mediterranean military dominance until 16th century The Ottoman Empire Muslims, Christians, Jews Turks, Persians, Mongols, Mesopotamians, Muslims Absolute authority: Adala (affected war) Sultan: political, military, judicial, social and religious Titles: Padishah, Khan, Imam, Caliph Strong military From Constantinople to Istanbul Suleyman Defender of Islam The Lawmaker 1520-1566 Suleyman I (Soloman): “Golden Age” Codified laws Pragmatic statesman (Grand Vizier) Amazing general Opened trade, encouraged tolerance, defender of “Islam” Spied on his own system –Friday prayers (Intelligence gathering was one of the best in the world until the 20th century) Executed sons Architecture The Ottoman Empire By the 16th Century Funneled money into Protestant movement Adopted a policy of helping any Muslim country threatened by European expansion Most powerful Empire: wealth, military Military The beginning of Decline

PP Notes Tokugawa Japan

Tokugawa Period 12 Japan Origins of Tokugawa Oda Nobunaga Hideyoshi Toyotomi Tokugawa Ieyasu Tokugawa and it’s control system Tokugawa Period (also called Tokugawa Shogunate): 1568 – 1868 AD Tokugawa System: Daimyo and their Han (Domain) Shimpan Fudai Tozama Tokugawa and it’s control system Daimyo and their Han (Domain) Shimpan Fudai Tozama Tokugawa and it’s control system Alternate residence Hostage system Conscription public works Domain rearrangement. Tokugawa’s Control Mechanisms Caste system: Samurai Artisans Farmers Merchants Burakumin Tokugawa’s Control Mechanisms Fixed Residences and Fixed occupations International Restrictions: Christianity in Japan? Tokugawa Success: 200 years of general peace Samurai culture and bushido dominant Unintended outcomes of Tokugawa Control Mechanisms Urban society Art Literature Entertainment Unintended outcomes of Tokugawa Control Mechanisms National Transportation network Unified Language Unified Culture Money Economy Farmer’s wealth Unintended outcomes of Tokugawa Control Mechanisms Daimyo impoverished Wealthy Merchants Daimyo and Samurai Relationship changes Samurai as Bureaucrats Warriors without war Decay and corruption at the center Tokugawa Meets the West Commodore Perry: 1853 Tokugawa Meets the West Shogun’s response Kanagawa Treaty: 1854 Harris Treaty: 1858 Open ports Extraterritoriality Tariffs Tokugawa Meets the West Young Samurai Reaction Choshu incident: 1863 Domestic Response Foreign Response Tokugawa Meets the West Choshu’s new resolution Satsuma and Choshu: Who, and why them?