PP Notes Feminism moves West

Feminism Comes to America
• Scottish Enlightenment – John Locke
• French Enlightenment – Condorcet, de
Gouges
• American Enlightenment – John Otis, The
Rights of the British Colonies Asserted
and Proved (1764); Abigail Adams
• English Liberalism – Mary Wollstonecraft;
John Stuart Mill
John Locke 1632-1704
The Glorious Revolution
– First and Second

Treatises on Government (1689)

Nuclear family is the base unit of any free society
– With women as key figures
– As co-equals with husbands
Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet (1743-94)
" De l'admission des femmes au droit de cité " (1791)
– (On the admission of women to the rights of citizens)


Attacks the foundations of the argument against women’s equality:
Surely they were all violating the principle of equal rights by debarring women from citizenship rights, and thereby calmly depriving half of the human race of the right to participate in the formation of the laws. Could there by any stronger evidence of the power of habit over enlightened men, than the picture of them invoking the principle of equal rights for three or four hundred men who had been deprived of equal rights by an absurd prejudice, and yet forgetting it with regard to 12 million women? For this exclusion not to constitute an act of tyranny, we would have to prove that the natural rights of women are not exactly the same as those of men,
or else that they are incapable of exercising them.
Condorcet on Women (1)
Women had right to speak out in public
Women were reasonable, sensible, with a sense of morality, and were very often leaders
Argued that women, as people, also must not be unfairly ruled
– links it to taxation without representation
– says patriarchy is a restriction of women's rights to representation
– Male tyranny negates the concept of liberty
Condorcet on Women (2)
Condorcet argued women were obviously men's equals
– except in matters requiring brute strength
– the brightest women were already superior to men of limited talents
and improvements in education would readily narrow what gaps there were
Condorcet on Women (3)
Condorcet concluded with his generation's most detailed statement of the political rights and responsibilities of women:
– "Perhaps you will find this discussion too long; but think that it is about the rights of half of human beings, rights forgotten by all the legislators; that it is not useless even for the liberty of men to indicate the means of destroying the single objection which could be made to republics, and to make between them and states which are not free a real difference."
Olympe De Gouges (1748-93)

Déclaration de Droits de la Femme et la Citoyene (1791)
– Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (from Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 1789)
Demanded a women’s assembly, suffrage, and education.
Charged with treason under the rule of the National Convention
– Arrested, tried, and executed by guillotine in 1793
Enlightenment Debate in America
Early American politics shaped by the
Scottish and French Enlightenments
– Especially John Locke, seen as the philosophical father of the U.S. Constitution
– And Condorcet, who was a close friend of Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin
Some Americans address women’s rights directly
James Otis and the Woman Question

James Otis of Boston
Author of a 1764 pamphlet, The Rights of
the British Colonies Asserted and Proved
Asked questions about the origins of government.
– And if it was based on the original social compact, he wanted to know who were those present and who were thus parties to that compact.
James Otis on the Social Contract
"Who acted for infants and women, or who appointed guardians for them? Had these guardians power to bind both infants and women during life and their posterity after them? What will there be to distinguish the next generation of men from their forefathers, that they should not have the same right to make original compacts as their ancestors had? If every man has such right, may there not be as many original compacts as there are men and women born or to be born? Are not women born as free as men? Would it not be infamous to assert that the ladies are all slaves by nature? If every man and woman born or to be born has and will have a right to be consulted and must accede to the original compact before they can with any kind of justice be said to be bound by it, will not the compact be ever forming and never finished?"
Otis’s Embarrassing Questions about Women’s Roles in the Revolutionary Republic
"If upon the abdication all were reduced to a state of nature, had not apple women and orange girls as good a right to give their respectable suffrages for a new King as the philosopher, courtier, petit-maitre and politician? Were these and ten millions of other such...consulted?"
Abigail Adams (1744-1818)
Series of letters between her and John Adams throughout the Constitutional Convention in which she urges him to support women’s equal citizenship
Influenced by Scottish and French Enlightenment thinkers
Abigail to John, 31 March 1776
“I desire you would Remember the Ladies, and be more generous and favourable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands. Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could. If perticuliar care and attention is not paid to the Laidies we are determined to foment a Rebelion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation.”

“That your Sex are Naturally Tyrannical is a Truth so thoroughly established as to admit of no dispute, but such of you as wish to be happy willingly give up the harsh title of Master for the more tender and endearing one of Friend. Why then, not put it out of the power of the vicious and the Lawless to use us with cruelty and indignity with impunity. Men of Sense in all Ages abhor those customs which treat us only as the vassals of your Sex.”
John to Abigail, 14 April 1776
“I cannot but laugh. We have been told that our Struggle has loosened the bands of Government every where. That Children and Apprentices were disobedient – that schools and Colledges were grown turbulent -- that Indians slighted their Guardians and Negroes grew insolent to their Masters. But your Letter was the first Intimation that another Tribe more numerous and powerfull than all the rest were grown discontented.”
“We know better than to repeal our Masculine systems…. which would compleatly subject Us to the Despotism of the Peticoat…. A fine Story indeed.”
Abigail to John, 7 May 1776
“I can not say that I think you very generous to the Ladies, for whilst you are proclaiming peace and good will to Men, Emancipating all Nations, you insist upon retaining an absolute power over Wives. But you must remember that Arbitary power is like most other things which are very hard, very liable to be broken – and notwithstanding all your wise Laws and Maxims we have it in our power not only to free ourselves but to subdue our Masters, and without violence throw both your natural and legal authority at our feet.”
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-97)
British writer and philosopher
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
– A strong advocacy for making women equal through education and legal change
Wollstonecraft (1)
Writing in response to Charles Maurice de Talleyrand- Périgord's 1791 report to the French National Assembly that women should be educated in domesticity for the betterment of the nation
Wollstonecraft argues that women ought to have an education commensurate with their position in society
– women are essential to the nation
– As the teachers of their children
– And as the companions (rather than mere wives) to their husbands
Argues that double standards prevent women from fulfilling their potentials
Wollstonecraft (2)
Women are human beings deserving of the same fundamental rights as men

Builds on the argument of “inalienable natural rights”
– Since God gives those rights to humans, for one part of society to deny them to another part is a “sin.”

Limits of her feminism
– Never explicitly states women’s equality
– Intended to argue that in a longer essay, but died in childbirth before she could write it.
Wollstonecraft (3)
In arguing for women’s human rights, she invokes religion to attack the “religious” arguments for women’s exclusion from those rights:
– “Let it not be concluded that I wish to invert the order of things; I have already granted, that, from the constitution of their bodies, men seem to be designed by Providence to attain a greater degree of virtue. I speak collectively of the whole sex; but I see not the shadow of a reason to conclude that their virtues should differ in respect to their nature. In fact, how can they, if virtue has only one eternal standard? I must therefore, if I reason consequentially, as strenuously maintain that they have the same simple direction, as that there is a God.”

Meaning: if not all men are virtuous, this does not disprove that men are capable of virtue (because that is God’s will); so if not all women are reasonable, the fact that some are should be taken as proof that women are capable of reason, as men are capable of virtue. And if women are capable of reason, God made them so, as God made men capable of virtue. To prevent women from being so is a sin.
John Stuart Mill (1806-73)
English philosopher and member of Parliament
– On Liberty (1859) championed individual freedom vs. an oppressive state

– “The Subjection of Women” (1869)
Clearly influenced by, and possibly co-authored by his brilliant wife, Harriet Taylor
– Mill credited her as his co-author
Mill’s “The Subjection of Women” (1)
Sees women as “obviously” equal to men in intellect, if not in body.
– Subjecting women is wrong and holds humanity back
"... [T]he legal subordination of one sex to another — is wrong in itself, and now one of the chief hindrances to human improvement; and that it ought to be replaced by a system of
perfect equality, admitting no power and privilege on the one side, nor disability on the other."
– And posits that women’s subjection is the symbol of oppression
"Under whatever conditions, and within whatever limits, men are admitted to the suffrage, there is not a shadow of justification for not admitting women under the same.“
Advocates the emancipation of women on utilitarian grounds
– It would elevate all society by placing an emphasis on thought over brute strength and end a system which coarsens human interaction
“The anxiety of mankind to intervene on behalf of nature...is an altogether unnecessary solicitude. What women by nature cannot do, is quite superfluous to forbid them from doing."
Mill’s “The Subjection of Women” (2)
Denies the knowability of women’s “supposed inferiority”
– Because there has never been true freedom for women or just compensation for their labors and contributions
– "I deny that any one knows or can know, the nature of the two sexes, as long as they have only been seen in their present relation to one another. Until conditions of equality exist, no one can possibly assess the natural differences between women and men, distorted as they have been. What is natural to the two sexes can only be found out by allowing both to develop and use their faculties freely.“

Concludes:
– "... [T]he legal subordination of one sex to another — is wrong in itself, and now one of the chief hindrances to human improvement; and that it ought to be replaced by a system of perfect equality, admitting no power and privilege on the one side, nor disability on the other."

4/5 Catherine the Great

2/5 Catherine the Great

3/5 Catherine the Great

PP Notes Africa

Africa
Muslims
Jews
Christians
Pagans
Matrilineal authority
Patrilineal society
Economics
Slave Culture
Religion: Islam, Pagan, Christianity
Social structure: Color, gender, age, ability
Crafts/art/music: Weaving, pottery, wood work, New gospel with tribal sounds (Amazing Grace,
Folklore:



‘Twas mercy brought me from my pagan land,
Taught my benighted soul to understand
That there’s a God, that there’s a Savior too:
Once I redemption neither sought nor knew.
Some view our sable race with scornful eye.
“Their color is a diabolic dye.”
Remember, Christians, Negroes, black as Cain,
May be refined, and join the angelic train

“I was broken in body, soul, and spirit. My natural elasticity was crushed, my intellect languished, the disposition to read departed, the cheerful spark that lingered about my eye died; the dark night of slavery closed in upon me; and behold a man transformed into a brute!”

PP Notes Russia

Mongols in Russia
The Mongols (Tartars) 13th century
Allowed local kings to stay
Left culture intact
Depressed economy and drop in literacy
Tributes

Mongols 13th century


Duchy of Moscow
Military focus, in government
Utilized ties with Orthodox church and nationalism
1480 succeeded in organizing an independent state
“Czar” - Imperial rule:
Church
Centralized government
Call to nationalism
Diplomacy to the west
Order St. Basil’s cathedral

Moscow
Expansion
Ivan the Terrible (IV) continued expansion:
Central Asia
Siberia (16th century)
Expanded internal power:
Eliminated nobility
Cossacks and land grants
Increased labor force/slavery
Allowed British to establish trade
Encouraged artist and architecture
Kremlin was built
Russia by 1533
Orthodox Church

Gave Russia the title of
“The Third Rome”
“Czar” meaning ceasar
Made Moscow its’ new home
Would intertwine itself with the throne for centuries
Russian identity and nationalism would be fueled by the Church

Early Modern Period 1450-1750
Ivan IV dies without an heir:
Time of Trouble (17th century)
Poland and Sweden claim territory
Boyars fight for control
1613 Michael Romanov becomes czar

First Westernization

Peter the Great (1689-1725) went incognito to the west
Artisans followed him back to Russia
Held to the same national policies but implemented changes to economy and culture
Created secret police
Expanded to Baltic sea (via Sweden)
Navy
Shift to St. Petersburg

Catherine the Great 1762-1796

German born, inherited a deficit of 17 million rubles
Extended rule central government
Interest in all areas of her country
Encouraged the Enlightenment in Russia
Maintained royal authority

Rewarded nobles for peasants in military duty
Further colonized Siberia and claimed Alaska
Explorers went into northern California
Allied with Prussia and Austria, reclaimed Poland
Gregory Potempkin



From Michael Romanov to Alexis:
Restored internal order
Drove out foreign invaders
Pursued imperial expansion
Ukraine
Southern border met the Ottoman Empire
Restored state control of church
Exiled Old Believers
Abolished assembly of nobles
National Identity
The shaping of Russia:
Russian expansion coincides with the Ottoman advance eliminating nomadic threats
Russia sees a multicultural population
Muslims allowed to maintain religion
Reconciling and purging of the Orthodox church
Russia

300 years of Czarist rule, over the largest land empire
95% of population was rural
Merchant class never developed
Agriculture and manufacturing saw little advancement
Peasants (obruk) made little progress up till the 18th century

PP Notes Enlightenment

The Enlightenment

Voltaire – Enlightened monarch, religious tolerance, rights to property, respect of man
Rousseau – General will, the Social Contract, child development, passion in writing
Locke – All men can reason, “life, liberty and property,” men are a “clean slate” upon which their experiences write
Diderot – Created the concept of encyclopedia, developed the idea that blind could read
Later Thinkers
Karl Marx – Believed in the proletariat and father of modern communism (early19th)
Darwin – Theory of evolution
Einstein – Theory of relativity
Freud – Idea of unconscious mind, Id, Super Ego, Ego

Forces of Change

Population boom in Europe
Potato crops
Improvement in agriculture
Industrialization of factories
Shift in intellectual thought
Spread of ideas: communication
Education and literacy
Western expansion
Development of new ruling/business models
The Age of Revolution

Move away from monarchies
Parliaments
Representation
Freedom of ideas and speech
Awareness and interest of the people
Limited power: government, church
Market economies

American Revolution

The Stamp Act 1765
“ No taxation without representation”
Divergence of national interests
Need for different laws

French Revolution
1789 - 1815

Mirabeau – constitutional monarchy
Danton – the beginnings of Politicians
Robespierre – the “Incorruptible”
Condorcet – man of the enlightenment
Marat – Extremist leader
Napoleon – Military leader, dictator
The Industrial Revolution
1848
Britain to Western Europe to the United States
Change social structure and cultural values forever
Changed working environments and revenue potential
Social Changes
People left the country, for city life
Child labor decreased, children became valued
More adults used to run factories

Women
Cultural Shifts
Consumption and consumerism
“Middle class” values
Beginnings of product crazes (Popular culture)

Consolidation of the Industrial Order
Continued after 1850
Unification in Germany and Italy
Rise of socialism
Standard of living improved
Slow population growth
Rise of capitalism and industry (U.S.)
Railroads
Western World
Economic dependency, political support, colonization
Broadening reach:
Social/cultural values
Institutions
Arts/science/philosophies
Rising tensions in Europe
Loss of colonies
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Triple Entente: Britain, Russia, France

PP Notes Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution
Nicola Copernicus
1473-1543
Influenced by Neoplatonism
Mathematician & Christian
Believed nature would not contradict God
Wanted to rectify the Christian calendar
Placed sun at center of the solar system
Lacked physical application

Tycho Brahe
1546-1601
Astronomer – discovered a new star
Turned an island into a working laboratory.
Influenced by Copernicus
Claimed that planets orbit the sun, while earth remains at the center
Best astronomical data charted in Europe
Johannes Kepler
1571-1630
Influenced by Copernicus
Student of Brahe
First work which exhibited physical evidence
All laws were mathematical
Correlation with musical harmonies
Proposed elliptical orbits
“Second Law” : planetary speed is relative to distance from the sun
Galileo Galilei
1564-1642
Influenced by Copernicus
Mathematician, Astronomer
Law of inertia
Developed the use of telescopes toward the heavens
Published The Starry Messenger (“Medicean stars”)
Believed in a heliocentric universe
Wrote his “dialogue” & charged with heresy by the Catholic Church
Combined: mathematical equation and practical experimentation
Francis Bacon
1561-1625
Englishman, rejected the old schools of thought*
Insisted on questioning everything (Empiricism)
Knowledge is gained through the senses: details
“Inductive method”
Wanted the integration of fields of study
Philosopher
Rene Descartes
1596-1650
French, rejected old ideas*
Wanted “useful” ideas and concepts*
Rationalist: pure logic = mathematics
Doubted all things, until proven through defined, rational principles
“Cogito ergo sum”
Led to solid “mechanistic” view
Allowed a dispassionate approach
Isaac Newton
1642-1727
Most brilliant scientific mind

William Harvey
1578-1657
Father was a trader on the Silk Road
Medical doctor, Empiricist
Built work on Vesalius (1543)
Dissected living animals
Discovered circulatory system
Rejected blood letting
Physician to Queen Elizabeth, King James I then King Charles I

Timeline of development of knowledge about blood
100-200BC Various Chinese knew about the circulation of the blood and teachers used a system of bellows and bamboo tubes to demonstrate.
AD190 Galen Believed that blood was produced in the liver and moved in the veins and arteries.
1242 Ibn an-Nafis Showed that blood could not move through the septum, but moved around the lungs instead.
1543 Vesalius Blood could not move through the septum.
1559 Columbo Showed how blood circulates through the lungs, completing the circle.
1579 Fabricius Saw the valves in the arteries.
1628 Harvey Published full theory of circulation. Couldn't see how the blood moved between the veins and the arteries.
1661 Malpighi Saw capillaries in the lungs.
1733 S. Hales Measured blood pressure.
18/19th centuries Various Structure and chemical composition of the blood worked out.
1909 Landsteiner Blood groups worked out.
1962Perutz Discovers haemoglobin