The Scientific Revolution
Nicola Copernicus
1473-1543
Influenced by Neoplatonism
Mathematician & Christian
Believed nature would not contradict God
Wanted to rectify the Christian calendar
Placed sun at center of the solar system
Lacked physical application
Tycho Brahe
1546-1601
Astronomer – discovered a new star
Turned an island into a working laboratory.
Influenced by Copernicus
Claimed that planets orbit the sun, while earth remains at the center
Best astronomical data charted in Europe
Johannes Kepler
1571-1630
Influenced by Copernicus
Student of Brahe
First work which exhibited physical evidence
All laws were mathematical
Correlation with musical harmonies
Proposed elliptical orbits
“Second Law” : planetary speed is relative to distance from the sun
Galileo Galilei
1564-1642
Influenced by Copernicus
Mathematician, Astronomer
Law of inertia
Developed the use of telescopes toward the heavens
Published The Starry Messenger (“Medicean stars”)
Believed in a heliocentric universe
Wrote his “dialogue” & charged with heresy by the Catholic Church
Combined: mathematical equation and practical experimentation
Francis Bacon
1561-1625
Englishman, rejected the old schools of thought*
Insisted on questioning everything (Empiricism)
Knowledge is gained through the senses: details
“Inductive method”
Wanted the integration of fields of study
Philosopher
Rene Descartes
1596-1650
French, rejected old ideas*
Wanted “useful” ideas and concepts*
Rationalist: pure logic = mathematics
Doubted all things, until proven through defined, rational principles
“Cogito ergo sum”
Led to solid “mechanistic” view
Allowed a dispassionate approach
Isaac Newton
1642-1727
Most brilliant scientific mind
William Harvey
1578-1657
Father was a trader on the Silk Road
Medical doctor, Empiricist
Built work on Vesalius (1543)
Dissected living animals
Discovered circulatory system
Rejected blood letting
Physician to Queen Elizabeth, King James I then King Charles I
Timeline of development of knowledge about blood
100-200BC Various Chinese knew about the circulation of the blood and teachers used a system of bellows and bamboo tubes to demonstrate.
AD190 Galen Believed that blood was produced in the liver and moved in the veins and arteries.
1242 Ibn an-Nafis Showed that blood could not move through the septum, but moved around the lungs instead.
1543 Vesalius Blood could not move through the septum.
1559 Columbo Showed how blood circulates through the lungs, completing the circle.
1579 Fabricius Saw the valves in the arteries.
1628 Harvey Published full theory of circulation. Couldn't see how the blood moved between the veins and the arteries.
1661 Malpighi Saw capillaries in the lungs.
1733 S. Hales Measured blood pressure.
18/19th centuries Various Structure and chemical composition of the blood worked out.
1909 Landsteiner Blood groups worked out.
1962Perutz Discovers haemoglobin
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